The Dna Mismatch Repair System ( Mmr ) Essay - 1606 Words

Introduction In a dazzling display of choreography, proteins of the the DNA mismatch repair system (MMR) come together to fix replication errors, which results in an extraordinarily high degree of genomic fidelity.1-5 It is no wonder, then, that the MMR system has transcended almost all evolutionary stratification and is a highly conserved process across species. The MMR system is chiefly responsible for initiating cellular responses for several types of DNA lesions, including single-base mismatches and small insertion-deletion loops.1 Mounting evidence suggests that MMR may play a role in numerous other processes, including triggering the generation of immune diversity. How this actually happens, however, is still the topic of many investigations.19, 20 MutSÃŽ ±, one of the many components of human MMR, is known to affect all of the aforementioned processes. In instances where epigenetic silencing or mutations of genes that code for the proteins of MutSÃŽ ± occur, DNA mismatches are allowed to persist, which collectively increase the probability that microsatellite instabilities (a mutator phenotype) occur. Microsatellites are known to cause an increased tolerance to DNA methylation, hyperrecombination, and numerous other perturbations on DNA that can eventually lead to cancers and/or defective progeny.3, 11 Considering the importance of MMR to human health, a thorough understanding of the structure, function, and temporal relationships between the many components of MMR isShow MoreRelatedDr Lab Report778 Words   |  4 Pagesresistance to endogenous and exogenous environmental insults to the genetic material. Multiple DNA repair pathways coordinate the response to such genotoxins and protect our genome [1]. Endogenous insults may be generated as a byproduct of cellular metabolism in the form of reactive oxygen species or during physiological processes such as meiotic recombination, mating-type switching in yeasts, V(D)J recombination and DNA replication-transcription collision [2-5]. Exogenous stresses include hypoxia, radiationRead MoreWhat Are Molecular Markers?1613 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are molecular markers? †¢ DNA sequences that show polymorphisms (variations in size or sequence) in the population. They provide information about allelic variation at a given locus. Properties of molecular markers: 1. Polymorphic 2. Frequently distributed along the genome 3. Easily detected 4. Reproducible 5. Most are co-dominant but a few are dominant (RAPD) Common Molecular Markers: †¢ RFLP: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism †¢ AFLP: Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism †¢ RAPD:Read MoreMerrill Syndrome : Lynch Syndrome1358 Words   |  6 Pagesgenetic testing. Genetics According to Clancy (2014): During replication of DNA in dividing cells, errors occur in the genetic code. The primary function of the mismatch repair (MMR) system is to correct errors to maintain genomic stability. If there is a germline mutation, then the MMR system fails, leading to a pattern of genomic instability and an increased risk of cancer. Lynch syndrome is a failure of the MMR system, resulting in a gene mutation. An accumulation of genetic damage can leadRead MorePathological Correlation Report- Jack s Case3052 Words   |  13 Pagesfound on chromosome 5q and has the characteristic of the development of various adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum (as seen in the histological images taken from biopsies from Jack’s colon) whilst the latter is due to a germline mutation in DNA mmr genes (Arnold et al., 2005).The APC gene is a tumour suppressor gene that codes for a protein important in the process of signal transduction and cell adhesion and a mutation in this gene is what gives rise to the early onset of FAP (P, 2013). TheRead MoreTraffic Management N Mumbai10672 Words   |  43 Pagessubway, etc, for the approval of the DCP (HQs) and the Jt.C.P, Traffic 3. Attending various meetings in MMRDA, MSRDC, MCGM and other organization in connection with major projects such as Mono rail, Metro Rail, Bandra-Worli Sea link, Bus Rapid Transit System etc. 4. Sending replies for various queries under Right to Information Act, Attending various court matters. 5. Planning and organizing various Road Safety Activities of education wing. 6. Assisting DCP (HQs) during the visit of various VVIP/VIPsRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesRESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution, information storage and retrieval systems, or in any other manner—without the written permission of the publisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563

Profile of Civil War Lt General Ulysses S. Grant

Hiram Ulysses Grant was born April 27, 1822, at Point Pleasant, Ohio. The son of Pennsylvania natives Jesse Grant and Hannah Simpson, he was educated locally as a young man. Electing to pursue a military career, Grant sought admission to West Point in 1839. This quest proved successful when Representative Thomas Hamer offered him an appointment. As part of the process, Hamer erred and officially nominated him as Ulysses S. Grant. Arriving at the academy, Grant elected to retain this new name, but stated that the S was an initial only (it is sometimes listed as Simpson in reference to his mothers maiden name). Since his new initials were U.S., Grants classmates nicknamed Sam in reference to Uncle Sam. The Mexican-American War Though a middling student, Grant proved an exceptional horseman while at West Point. Graduating in 1843, Grant placed 21st in a class of 39. Despite his equestrian skills, he received an assignment to serve as quartermaster of the 4th US Infantry as there were no vacancies in the dragoons. In 1846, Grant was part of Brigadier General Zachary Taylors Army of Occupation in southern Texas. With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, he saw action at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. Though assigned as a quartermaster, Grant sought out action. After taking part in the Battle of Monterrey, he was transferred to Major General Winfield Scotts army. Landing in March 1847, Grant was present at the Siege of Veracruz and marched inland with Scotts army. Reaching the outskirts of Mexico City, he was brevetted for gallantry for his performance at the Battle of Molino del Rey on September 8. This was followed by a second brevet for his actions during the Battle of Chapultepec when he hoisted a howitzer to a church bell tower to cover the American advance on the San Cosmà © Gate. A student of war, Grant closely watched his superiors during his time in Mexico and learned key lessons that he would apply later. The Interwar Years After a brief postwar stint in Mexico, Grant returned to the United States and married Julia Boggs Dent on August 22, 1848. The couple ultimately had four children. Over the next four years, Grant held peacetime posts on the Great Lakes. In 1852, the he received orders to depart for the West Coast. With Julia pregnant and lacking funds to support a family on the frontier, Grant was forced to leave his wife in the care of her parents in St. Louis, MO. After enduring a harsh journey via Panama, Grant arrived at San Francisco before traveling north to Fort Vancouver. Deeply missing his family and the second child who he had never seen, Grant became discouraged by his prospects. Taking solace in alcohol, he attempted to find ways to supplement his income so that his family could come west. These proved unsuccessful and he began to contemplate resigning. Promoted to captain in April 1854 with orders to move to Fort Humboldt, CA, he instead elected to resign. His departure most likely was accelerated by rumors of his drinking and possible disciplinary action. Returning to Missouri, Grant and his family settled on land belonging to her parents. Dubbing his farm Hardscrabble, it proved financially unsuccessful despite the assistance of a slave provided by Julias father. After several failed business endeavors, Grant moved his family to Galena, IL in 1860 and became an assistant in his fathers tannery, Grant Perkins. Though his father was a prominent Republican in the area, Grant favored Stephen A. Douglas in the 1860 presidential election, but did not vote as he had not lived in Galena long enough to obtain Illinois residency. Early Days of the Civil War Through the winter and spring after Abraham Lincolns election sectional tensions heightened culminating with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. With the beginning of the Civil War, Grant aided in recruiting a company of volunteers and led it to Springfield, IL. Once there, Governor Richard Yates seized on Grants military experience and set him to training newly arriving recruits. Proving highly effective in this role, Grant used his connections to Congressman Elihu B. Washburne to secure a promotion to colonel on June 14. Given command of the unruly 21st Illinois Infantry, he reformed the unit and made it an effective fighting force. On July 31, Grant was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers by Lincoln. This promotion led to Major General John C. Frà ©mont giving him command of the District of Southeast Missouri at the end of August. In November, Grant received orders from Frà ©mont to demonstrate against the Confederate positions at Columbus, KY. Moving down the Mississippi River, he landed 3,114 men on the opposite shore and attacked a Confederate force near Belmont, MO. In the resulting Battle of Belmont, Grant had initial success before Confederate reinforcements pushed him back to his boats. Despite this setback, the engagement greatly boosted Grants confidence and that of his men. Forts Henry and Donelson After several weeks of inaction, a reinforced Grant was ordered to move up the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers against Forts Henry and Donelson by the commander of the Department of Missouri, Major General Henry Halleck. Working with gunboats under Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote, Grant began his advance on February 2, 1862. Realizing that Fort Henry was located on a flood plain and open to naval attack, its commander, Brigadier General Lloyd Tilghman, withdrew most of his garrison to Fort Donelson before Grant arrived and captured the post on the 6th. After occupying Fort Henry, Grant immediately moved against Fort Donelson eleven miles to the east. Situated on high, dry ground, Fort Donelson proved near invulnerable to naval bombardment. After direct assaults failed, Grant invested the fort. On the 15th, Confederate forces under Brigadier General John B. Floyd attempted a breakout but were contained before creating an opening. With no options left, Brigadier General Simon B. Buckner asked Grant for surrender terms. Grants response was simply, No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted, which earned him the nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant. The Battle of Shiloh With the fall of Fort Donelson, over 12,000 Confederates were captured, nearly a third of  General Albert Sidney Johnstons Confederate forces in the region. As a result, he was forced to order the abandonment of Nashville, as well as a retreat from Columbus, KY. Following the victory, Grant was promoted to major general and began to experience problems with Halleck who had become professionally jealous of his successful subordinate. After surviving attempts to replace him, Grant received orders to push up the Tennessee River. Reaching Pittsburg Landing, he halted to await the arrival of  Major General Don Carlos Buells Army of the Ohio. Seeking to halt the string of reverses in his theater, Johnston and  General P.G.T. Beauregard  planned a massive attack on Grants position. Opening the  Battle of Shiloh  on April 6, they caught Grant by surprise. Though nearly driven into the river, Grant stabilized his lines and held. That evening, one of his division commanders,  Brigadier General William T. Sherman, commented Tough day today, Grant. Grant apparently responded, Yes, but well whip em tomorrow. Reinforced by Buell during the night, Grant launched a massive counterattack the next day and drove the Confederates from the field and sent them retreating to Corinth, MS. The bloodiest encounter to date with the Union suffering 13,047 casualties and the Confederates 10,699, the losses at Shiloh stunned the public. Though Grant came under criticism for being unprepared on April 6 and was falsely accused of being drunk, Lincoln refused to remove him stating, I cant spare this man; he fights. Corinth and Halleck After the victory at Shiloh, Halleck elected to take to the field in person and assembled a large force consisting of Grants Army of the Tennessee,  Major General John Popes Army of the Mississippi, and Buells Army of the Ohio at Pittsburg Landing. Continuing his issues with Grant, Halleck removed him from army command and made him the overall second-in-command with no troops under his direct control. Incensed, Grant contemplated leaving, but was talked into staying by Sherman who was quickly becoming a close friend. Enduring this arrangement through the Corinth and Iuka campaigns of the summer, Grant returned to independent command that October when he was made commander of the Department of the Tennessee and tasked with taking the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg, MS. Taking Vicksburg Given free rein by Halleck, now general-in-chief in Washington, Grant designed a two-prong attack, with Sherman advancing down the river with 32,000 men, while he advanced south along Mississippi Central Railroad with 40,000 men. These movements were to be supported by an advance north from New Orleans by  Major General Nathaniel Banks. Establishing a supply base at Holly Springs, MS, Grant pressed south to Oxford, hoping to engage Confederate forces under  Major  General Earl Van Dorn  near Grenada. In December 1862, Van Dorn, badly outnumbered, launched a large cavalry raid around Grants army and destroyed the supply base at Holly Springs, halting the Union advance. Shermans situation was no better. Moving down the river with relative ease, he arrived just north of Vicksburg on Christmas Eve. After sailing up the Yazoo River, he disembarked his troops and began moving through the swamps and bayous toward the town before being badly defeated at  Chickasaw Bayou  on the 2 9th. Lacking support from Grant, Sherman opted to withdrawal. After Shermans men were drawn off to  attack Arkansas Post  in early January, Grant moved to the river to command his entire army in person. Based just north of Vicksburg on the west bank, Grant spent the winter of 1863 seeking a way to bypass Vicksburg with no success. He finally devised a bold plan for capturing the Confederate fortress. Grant proposed to move down the west bank of the Mississippi, then cut loose from his supply lines by crossing the river and attacking the city from the south and east. This risky move was to be supported by gunboats commanded by  Rear Admiral David D. Porter, which would run downstream past the Vicksburg batteries prior to Grant crossing the river. On the nights of April 16 and 22, Porter two groups of ships past the town. With a naval force established below the town, Grant began his march south. On April 30, Grants army crossed the river at Bruinsburg and moved northeast to cut the rail lines to Vicksburg before turning on the town itself. Turning Point in the West Conducting a brilliant campaign, Grant swiftly drove back Confederate forces on his front and captured Jackson, MS on May 14. Turning west towards Vicksburg, his troops repeatedly defeated  Lieutenant General John Pembertons forces and drove them back into the citys defense. Arriving at Vicksburg and wishing to avoid a siege, Grant launched assaults against the city on May 19 and 22 taking heavy losses in the process.  Settling into a siege, his army was reinforced and tightened the noose on Pembertons garrison. Waiting out the enemy, Grant forced a starving Pemberton to surrender Vicksburg and his 29,495-man garrison on July 4. The victory gave Union forces control of the entire Mississippi and was the turning point of the war in the West. Victory at Chattanooga In the wake of  Major General William Rosecranss defeat at  Chickamauga  in September 1863, Grant was given command of the Military Division of the Mississippi and control of all Union armies in the West. Moving to Chattanooga, he reopened a supply line to Rosecrans beleaguered Army of the Cumberland and replaced the defeated general with  Major General George H. Thomas. In an effort to turn the tables on  General Braxton Braggs Army of Tennessee, Grant captured Lookout Mountain on November 24 before directing his combined forces to a stunning victory at the  Battle of Chattanooga  the next day. In the fighting, Union troops drove the Confederates off Missionary Ridge and sent them reeling south. Coming East In March 1864, Lincoln promoted Grant to lieutenant general and gave him command of all Union armies. Grant elected to turn over operational control of the western armies to Sherman and shifted his headquarters east to travel with  Major General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac. Leaving Sherman with orders to press the Confederate Army of Tennessee and take Atlanta, Grant sought to engage  General Robert E. Lee  in a decisive battle to destroy the Army of Northern Virginia. In Grants mind, this was the key to ending the war, with the capture of Richmond of secondary importance. These initiatives were to be supported by smaller campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley, southern Alabama, and western Virginia. The Overland Campaign In early May 1864, Grant began marching south with 101,000 men. Lee, whose army numbered 60,000, moved to intercept and met Grant in a dense forest known as the  Wilderness. While Union attacks initially drove the Confederates back, they were blunted and forced back by the late arrival of  Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps. After three days of fighting, the battle turned into a stalemate with Grant having lost 18,400 men and Lee 11,400. While Grants army had suffered more casualties, they comprised a lesser proportion of his army than Lees. As the Grants goal was to destroy Lees army, this was an acceptable outcome. Unlike his predecessors in the East, Grant continued to press south after the bloody fight and the armies quickly met again at the  Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. After two weeks of fighting, another stalemate ensued. As before Union casualties were higher, but Grant understood that each battle cost Lee casualties that the Confederates could not replace. Again pushing south, Grant was unwilling to attack Lees strong position at  North Anna  and moved around the Confederate right. Meeting Lee at the  Battle of Cold Harbor  on May 31, Grant launched a series of bloody attacks against the Confederate fortifications three days later. The defeat would haunt Grant for years and he later wrote, I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made...no advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained. Siege of Petersburg After pausing for nine days, Grant stole a march on Lee and raced south across the James River to capture Petersburg. A key rail center, the capture of the city would cut off supplies to Lee and Richmond. Initially blocked from the city by troops under Beauregard, Grant assaulted the Confederate lines between June 15 and 18 to no avail. As both armies arrived in full, a long series of trenches and fortifications were constructed that presaged the Western Front of  World War I. An attempt to break the deadlock occurred on July 30 when Union troops assaulted after the  detonation of a mine, but the attack failed.  Settling into a siege, Grant kept pushing his troops further south and east in an effort to cut the railroads into the city and stretch out Lees smaller army. As the situation at Petersburg became drawn out, Grant was criticized in the media for failing to achieve a decisive result and for being a butcher due to the heavy losses taken during the Overland Campaign. This was intensified when a small Confederate force under  Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early  threatened Washington, DC on July 12. Earlys actions necessitated Grant sending troops back north to deal with the danger. Eventually led by  Major General Philip H. Sheridan, the Union forces effectively destroyed Earlys command in a series of battles in the Shenandoah Valley later that year. While the situation at Petersburg remained stagnant, Grants broader strategy began to bear fruit as Sherman captured Atlanta in September. As the siege continued through the winter and into the spring, Grant continued to receive positive reports as Union troops had success on other fronts. These and a deteriorating situation at Petersburg led Lee to assault Grants lines on March 25. Though his troops had initial success, they were driven back by Union counterattacks. Seeking to exploit the victory, Grant pushed a large force west to capture the critical crossroads of Five Forks and threaten the Southside Railroad. At the  Battle of Five Forks  on April 1, Sheridan took the objective. This defeat placed Lees position at Petersburg, as well as Richmond, in jeopardy. Informing President Jefferson Davis that both would need to be evacuated, Lee came under heavy attack from Grant on April 2. These assauls drove the Confederates from the city and sent them retreating west. Appomattox After occupying Petersburg, Grant began chasing Lee across Virginia with Sheridans men in the lead. Moving west and harried by Union cavalry, Lee hoped to re-supply his army before heading south to link up with forces under  General Joseph Johnston  in North Carolina. On April 6, Sheridan was able to cut off approximately 8,000 Confederates under  Lieutenant General Richard Ewell  at  Saylers Creek. After some fighting the Confederates, including eight generals, surrendered. Lee, with fewer than 30,000 hungry men, hoped to reach supply trains that were waiting at Appomattox Station. This plan was dashed when Union cavalry under  Major General George A. Custer  arrived in the town and burned the trains. Lee next set his sights on reaching Lynchburg. On the morning of April 9, Lee ordered his men to break through the Union lines that blocked their path. They attacked but were stopped. Now surrounded on three sides, Lee accepted the inevitable stating, Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths. Later that day,  Grant met with Lee at the McLean House  in Appomattox Court House to discuss surrender terms. Grant, who had been suffering a bad headache, arrived late, wearing a worn privates uniform with only his shoulder straps denoting his rank. Overcome by the emotion of the meeting, Grant had difficulty getting to the point, but soon laid out generous terms which Lee accepted. Postwar Actions With the defeat of the Confederacy, Grant was required to immediately dispatch troops under Sheridan to Texas to serve as a deterrent to the French who had recently installed Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico. To assist the Mexicans, he also told Sheridan to aid the deposed Benito Juarez if possible. To this end, 60,000 rifles were provided to the Mexicans. The following year, Grant was required to close the Canadian border to prevent the Fenian Brotherhood from attacking Canada. In gratitude for his services during the war, Congress promoted Grant to the newly created rank of General of the Army on July 25, 1866. As general-in-chief, Grant oversaw the US Army role during the early years of Reconstruction in the South. Dividing the South into five military districts, he believed that a military occupation was necessary and the Freedmans Bureau was needed. Though he worked closely with President Andrew Johnson, Grants personal feelings were more in line with the Radical Republicans in Congress. Grant became increasing popular with this group when he refused to aid Johnson in deposing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton. U.S. President As a result of this relationship, Grant was nominated for president on the 1868 Republican ticket. Facing no significant opposition for the nomination, he easily defeated former New York Governor Horatio Seymour in the general election. At age 46, Grant was the youngest US president to date. Taking office, his two terms were dominated by Reconstruction and mending the wounds of the Civil War. Deeply interested in promoting the rights of former slaves, he secured passage of the 15th Amendment and signed laws promoting voting rights as well as the Civil Rights Act of 1875. During his first term the economy was booming and corruption became rampant. As a result, his administration became plagued by a variety of scandals. Despite these issues, he remained popular with the public and was re-elected in 1872. Economic growth came to an abrupt halt with the Panic of 1873 which keyed a five-year depression. Responding slowly to the panic, he later vetoed an inflation bill which would have released additional currency into the economy. As his time in office neared an end, his reputation was damaged by the Whiskey Ring scandal. Though Grant was not directly involved, his private secretary was and it became emblematic of Republican corruption. Leaving office in 1877, he spent two years touring the world with his wife. Warmly received at each stop, he aided in mediating a dispute between China and Japan. Later Life Returning home, Grant soon faced a severe financial crisis. Having been forced to cede his military pension to serve as president, he was soon swindled in 1884 by Ferdinand Ward, his Wall Street investor. Effectively bankrupted, Grant was forced to repay one of his creditors with his Civil War mementos. Grants situation soon worsened when he learned he was suffering from throat cancer. An avid cigar smoker since Fort Donelson, Grant had at times consumed 18-20 a day. In an effort generate revenue, Grant wrote a series of books and articles which were warmly received and aided in improving his reputation. Further support came from Congress which restored his military pension. In an effort to aid Grant, noted author Mark Twain offered him a generous contract for his memoirs. Settling at Mount McGregor, NY, Grant completed the work only days before his death on July 23, 1885.  Memoirs  proved both a critical and commercial success and provided the family with much-needed security. After lying in state, Grants body was transported south to New York City where it was placed in a temporary mausoleum in Riverside Park. His pallbearers included Sherman, Sheridan, Buckner, and Joseph Johnston. On April 17, Grants body was moved a short distance to the newly constructed Grants Tomb. He was joined by Julia following her death in 1902. Sources White House: Ulysses S. GrantCivil War: Ulysses S. GrantLibrary of Congress: Ulysses Grant

Essay on Blabla - 605 Words

Away In Airdrie Summary †Away in Airdrie† Is a short story by James Kelman. It ´s situated in Scotland and deals with football. In the story we meet three characters. Danny, Uncle Archie, and Betty, Danny’s mother. In this short story, Danny is the narrator and we are reading the story from his point of view. Danny is going to Airdrie along with his uncle Archie to watch Glasgow Rangers play at Broomfield Park. Danny is ashamed of uncle Archie, who is an alcoholic football fan. Even though he is irresponsible he is also really generous to Danny. The point of no return is where Danny accepts to go to the cafà © by himself, meanwhile Uncle Archie decides to go drink some beers with his fellows at a pub. Archie forgets about Danny and†¦show more content†¦3. Describe the conflict of the story. How is the conflict solves? - The conflict in the story starts the moment Uncle Archie decides to give nephew Danny tips to buy cup of chocolate at a cafà ©, in the mean time Archie goes to a pub to get some beers. Archie drinks, beer after beer and forgets all about time and Danny. Danny waits outside the pub and hopes that Archie will come out, but it never happens, that’s when Danny finally decides to head home. Danny successfully get ´s on the right train, sadly it crashed. That ´s the conflict and the way it got solved. Obviously this conflict isn’t solved in the way it should be, uncle Archie should definitely have had more self-control. What Danny did was really mature, but maybe he should have had tried calling his mom. 4. Is there a message in the story? - The message in the story is to always think of family above everything else, nothing should come between a family and definitely not alcoholics. When an adult get ´s a responsibility (A kid in this case) they should be more likely to understand that there would be nothing more important than the responsibility. Uncle Archie forgets all about that when he goes to the pub to get somethingShow MoreRelatedSocial and environmental variables affect cognitive development. Cognitive development focuses on1300 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience and not through passive learning. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory was his main focus and it helped him make sense of a person’s cognitive development through the way they interaced with others and emphasised on one’s social interaction (blabla). Vygotsky focused on how learning consisted of gathering knowledge and skills from the social community and the different attractions a person observes (v2); a process known as internationalization. His theory was based on two key concepts, firstRead MoreReducing Consumption Of Sugary Drinks Essay865 Words   |  4 Pagesconsumer. 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Ethical Analysis of Decision Making Process †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Analysis of Decision Making Process. Answer: Ethical Dilemma: Harry is working as a network programmer in the company named as Fabio Inc. He was working on developing security program to provide proactive security to the company assets. He developed a solution which can save the company resources from external attacks. He presented his security program to the IT security head and describes him the key features of the software (Kohn, 2013). He told the security head that the software is capable of presenting graphical user interface, it can develop graphics for every activity performed, and resources can be rescued from potential cyber-attack. The new program is having the capability to differentiate between new and old viruses. The security head denies the advantage of the developed program. He says that the program developed by him is the dangerous program and can have a negative impact on the organization infrastructure. The analysis of the security head, demotivated harry for his good work. Harry decided to present his idea on the internet w ith the new name named as Lock Smith. On analysing the situation, Jill made Harry out of work from the organization with the permission of the IT head. Later on, the owner of the company asked the IT head to bring the expertise of Lock Smith back to the organization. In the current situation, the demotivation in the employee compels him to do wrong deeds which are against the laws of the company. The employees should be rewarded for their good deeds which creates the feeling of oneness in the employees. The appreciation and reward should be presented for giving their best in the benefit of the organization. The false review can creates negativity in the working employees (Owens, 2010). It can be predicted from the case study that if the employees will not provide with the valuable incentives for their hard work, the company can face the loss of expertise which works well for improving the profitability of the organization. The decision making plays an important role in developing an ethical environment for the organization. The ethical action is composed of four psychological processes which are categorised as sensitivity in the recognition of good work and bad work, decision and judgement should follow moral values, judgement should provide motivation to the employees, and lastly the decision maker should follow the moral character in taking appropriate decision in betterment of the employees and the organization (Bazerman, 2013). The project leader or head should follow the ethical behaviour to provide valuable recognition to the good work of the employee which helps in keeping the employees motivated towards the common goal of the organization. In the given case study, the ethical issues associated with the employees of the organization are depicted in the table below: Name Role Ethical Issues Harry Network programmer He should not work against the laws of the company. Jill IT security Head Before the judging the work of the Harry, she should have tested the program developed by him to give the correct judgement. The wrong judgement creates the negative feeling in Harry. Brockley IT executive Head Without any proof, he should not trust Jill. The decision should not be provided on the decision taken by other. Iris Project Owner The action should be taken against the high official also for taking wrong judgement Ethical Analysis in four steps with the use of decision of decision making process: Facts The facts collected from the case study about ethical issues in the organization are giving wrong judgement of the good work of Harry, putting harry out of work, taking negative decision without any proof, demotivation in Harry, and other Ethical Issues: The ethical issues which are associated with the given scenario are: The hard work of the employees get wasted Feeling of demotivation in the working employees The employees can go against the policies of the company The performance of the employees get affected Coordination and cooperation between the employees will be affected Potential Harm: The performance of the other employees can also get affected due to the feeling of demotivation which in turn affects the profitability ratio of the organization (Gilman, 2012). One wrong judgement can affect the dignity of the enterprise. Involvement of stakeholder: There are four members who are involved in the ethical dilemma of the organization who are network programmer, IT security head, IT executive head, and project owner of the company. Isolate the Major Ethical Dilemma: The judgment of the IT security head should be taken by collecting the relevant facts for the developed program to know its correct functioning. The laws of ethics should be followed so that the moral values of the employee will not be affected. The tools of ethics should be followed for rewarding the good work of the network programmer (Yerby, 2013). The corrective action plan should be provided by the head to remove the flaws of the developed software so that it can efficiently use in the infrastructure of the organization. it helps in raising the feeling of motivation in the programmer and remains connected with the working of the organization. Ethical Analysis and Consequentialism: The follow up of the ethical codes in taking judgement will work in the benefit of the company and its employees (Ejimabo, 2015). No one will be negatively affected and it works well for the organization prosperity. The higher authority do not use ethical standards and policies in taking decision then it is going to affect the performance of the employees which in turn affect the growth rate of the company (Kidder, 2014). The subsequent follow up of the ethical standards and policies before giving the judgement on the work done by the employees helps in raising the confidence with the top professionals. The employees will get benefit in terms of incentives and reward of good works. No extra burden of providing incentives will occur on the project owner The best alternative to overcome the ethical dilemma of the company is to follow the ethical standards and policies before giving judgement on the work done by the employees. Comment: The goodwill of the company depends on the efficient and motivated employees which give their best in providing benefit to the organization. Right and duties: The dignity and culture of the employees should be affected The integrity should be followed for taking professional judgement Facts and figures should be accumulated for taking decision The respect of work should be given privilege The judgement should be based on evidences, not on trust. The moral values and professional ethics should be followed The following ethical duties should not be neglected: The respect should be given to the other views, thoughts, opinions, vision, and ideas. The good and healthy relationship should be developed between the employees and top executives The good working conditions should be provided to the employees. No discrimination should be done in the working culture on the basis of religion, caste, region, sex, and others. Categorical Imperative: Jill will be treated with disrespect Harry will be treated with disrespect Follow up of ethical laws and duties Harry The judgement should be based on evidences Yes it will create a feeling of motivation which works well in improving the performance of the employees (Mablin, 2012) No, it will adversely affect the profitability of the organization The ethical principles and standards should be followed for taking decision Discussion: The decision making plays an important role in developing an ethical environment for the organization. It can be predicted from the case study that if the employees will not provide with the valuable incentives for their hard work, the company can face the loss of expertise which works well for improving the profitability of the organization (Mitchell, 2015). Defensive ethical decision: The judgement taken by the top executives should be based on ethical principles and strategies which is associated with the relevant facts and figure collected for the action plan. Steps followed: Values, ethics, and legal requirement should be clearly identified before taking professional judgement The terms and concepts should be defined in relation with integrity and moral ethical sensitivity associated with the action taken (Hanson, 2014). The professional should have a clear specification of the ethical dilemma The strategies should be developed for resolving ethical conflict References: Bazerman, M. (2013).Ethical Breakdown. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2011/04/ethical-breakdowns Ejimabo, N. (2015).The influence of decision making on organization leadership and management activities. Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-influence-of-decision-making-in-organizational-leadership-and-management-activities-2169-026X-1000138.php?aid=54660 Gilman, S. (2012).Ethics code and code of conduct as tool for promoting an ethical and professional public service. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/35521418.pdf Hanson, K. (2014).The six ethical dilemma every professional faces. Retrieved from https://www.bentley.edu/sites/www.bentley.edu.centers/files/2014/10/22/Hanson%20VERIZON%20Monograph_2014-10%20Final%20(1).pdf Kidder, E. (2014).Ethical Decision making and behaviour. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/39590_Chapter7.pdf Kohn, A. (2013).Why incentive plans cannot work. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1993/09/why-incentive-plans-cannot-work Mablin, R. (2012).Human Resource management ethics and employment. Retrieved from https://www.hrpa.ca/Documents/Designations/Job-Ready-Program/Human-Resource-Management-Ethics-and-Employment.pdf Mitchell, C. (2015).Rewarding ethical behaviour. Retrieved from https://www.tsphr.com/pdfs/rewarding_ethic_behavior.pdf Owens, J. (2010).Work Ethics for development professional. Retrieved from https://www.manage.gov.in/studymaterial/workethics.pdf Yerby, J. (2013).Legal and ethical issues of employee monitoring. Retrieved from https://www.iiakm.org/ojakm/articles/2013/volume1_2/OJAKM_Volume1_2pp44-55.pdf