The Pen Name Of Samuel Langhorne Clemens - 933 Words

Mark Twain was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, one of the most famous writers of American Literature. He was born on November 30, 1835, in the tiny Midwestern village of Florida, Missouri. He was the sixth child of John and Jane Clemens. As a four year old, his family moved to Hannibal and he began to become exposed to the social and financial problems of his era when. Hannibal was a small town near the Mississippi River where his father his uncle owned slaves. Twain created his own opinions about African-American culture while interacting with them himself. As a matter of fact, young Twain spent many summers on his uncle’s farm, listening to the tales and spirituals told and sung in the slave quarters, establishing his appreciation for African-American rights and culture. (Huso). John Clemens worked as anything he could to feed his family; however, the disillusion of never obtaining wealth he dreamed of, made him a bitter man. Based on a legend, young Twain never s aw him smile. On the other hand, his mother was a fun-loving, tenderhearted homemaker who whiled away numerous winter s nights for her family by telling stories. She became household’s head in 1847 when John passed away unexpectedly. (â€Å"About Mark Twain.). After his father’s death, Twain’s life was never the same. He was only able to attend formal education until the fifth grade. Then Twain found a job as a printer’s apprentice, where he arranged type for his community’s newspaper stories. ThisShow MoreRelatedEssay about Mark Twain1654 Words   |  7 Pagesborn with the name Samuel Langhorne Clemens in Florida, Missouri, to John Marshall Clemens and Jane Lampton Clemens on November 30, 1835. While Samuel Clemens was very young the Clemens family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, the inspiration for most of Samuel Clemens novels. John Marshall Clemens worked as a lawyer, but he was very successful, so he also did some work as a land speculator. The Clemens family was never very wealthy but they were middle class. John Marshall Clemens was agonisticRead MoreAgainst The Assault Of Laughter Nothing Can Stand827 Words   |  4 PagesAgainst the assault of laughter nothing can stand. - Samuel Clemens Samuel Langhorne Clemens, also known as Mark Twain, was born November 30, 1835, in Florida, Missouri, the sixth of seven children. An American writer, journalist, and humorist, he is remembered for the novels surrounding the world beside the Mississippi River, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and always legendary Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). Clemens was lauded the greatest American humorist of his ageRead MoreA Brief Biography of Mark Twain668 Words   |  3 PagesMark Twain was born on November. 30, 1835 in the small town of Florida, MO. Mark’s birth name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. In 1839, the Clemens family moved 35 miles east to the town of Hannibal, in Mississippi. Mark kept to himself and in doors in his early years because of poor health and sickness. That was the case until he became years of age. He recovered from his illness and started playing outside with the rest of the children. Growing up his Father was a judge and worked a lot. He alsoRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Mark Twain in American Literature840 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Mississippi, Huckleberry Finn, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In these books, Mark Twain recalls his own adventures of steamboating on the Mississippi River. Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835 in a small village of Florida, Missouri. His parents names were John Marshall Clemens and Jan Lampton Clemens, descendants of slaves in Virginia. They had been married in Kentucky and move to Tennessee and then Missouri. When Sam was four, his father, who was full of the grandioseRead MoreThe Secret Of Getting Ahead Is Getting Started1713 Words   |  7 Pagesstories on a boy by the name of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn and the mighty Mississippi River, Mark Twain ventured the American soul with intelligence, optimism, and a keen eye for the truth. He became nothing less than a national treasure (AE Television). Early Life Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835, in a minute village of Florida, Missouri, he was the sixth child of Jane and John Clemens. At age 4, the Clemens family moved to near town by the name of Hannibal, which was aRead MoreWho Is Mark Twain? Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Literature. His name was Mark Twain and he was Americas most famous literary icon, publishing 28 pieces. He was born on Nov. 30, 1835 as Samuel L. Clemens in the little town of Florida, Mo. He was the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens (Quirk). As a young child Clemens had poor health and stayed inside most of the time, causing all sorts of mischief. Spending most of his time with his mother he caught her sense of humor. Later in his life Clemens asked his mother aboutRead MoreEssay on A Brief Biography of Mark Twain1322 Words   |  6 PagesSamuel Langhorne Clemens was born on November 30, 1835. Clemons grew up in a town called Hannibal, Missouri. Here Sam Clemens saw an array of different type of people pass through his town. People such as: gamblers, entertainers, thieves, and even slave traders that influenced his childhood memories. We see traces of his rugged hometown deeply embedded with southern tradition. Clemens was known as a mischievous boy that smoked, led of crew of pranksters, and often played hooky from school. AtRead More Mark Twain Essay2338 Words   |  10 Pages Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known as Mark Twain, is perhaps the most distinguished author of American Literature. Next to William Shakespeare, Clemens is arguably the most prominent writer the world has ever seen. In 1818, Jane Lampton found interest in a serious young lawyer named John Clemens. With the Lampton family in heavy debt and Jane only 15 years of age, she soon arried John. The family moved to Gainesboro, Tennessee where Jane gave birth to Orion Clemens. In the summer of 1827 theRead MoreMark Twain3000 Words   |  12 Pageswriters. Expository Research. The American literature has seen a lot of great writers but there is one, who will always be associated with America. And that person is Mark Twain, who lived during 1835 and 1910. Mark Twain, pseudonym of Samuel Longhorne Clemens, is famous not only in his home country – America but also in many other foreign countries. He became very well-known thanks to his wonderful creations, such as The Innocents Abroad (1869), Roughing It (1872) and Life on the MississippiRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Anonymity Online958 Words   |  4 Pagesin their pockets, our smart phones. Have you ever been online on; Facebook, YouTube, a blog, etc., and looked at the comments? While there can be multiple heartfelt comments, there can also be negative comments. â€Å"You look like an ugly slob†-from no name. This type of comments is a growing problem in today media world. I hope to increase awareness in media users of the pros and cons of using anonymity online. While elaborating with an opinion editorial I will demonstrate the negative aspect of anonymity

Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes Essay - 589 Words

Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes In 1651, Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan, his famous work that detailed his physicalist outlook and his concept of the value of a social contract for a peaceful society and the nature of man. His major belief was that man is a beast that defines his identity through the need to be controlled under some kind of external, oppressive power. This essay will explain Hobbes’ views of man’s identity in the society and will demonstrate how it was mirrored in the political structure. In Hobbes’ work, he explained that if individuals within a society continually lived by their own self-interests, they would continue to hurt each other and be stuck in a state of war, or chaos. If the members of society were†¦show more content†¦In this state of war, says Hobbes, the continual fear of our neighbors would reduce our lives to: solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. It would be solitary because we have no reason to trust anyone else; poor because we have no possible benefit of commerce in such war; nasty because we are continually threatened and fearful of one another; brutish because we only have time to act on our passions like our fellow animals; and short because war of all against all results in many untimely and violent deaths.1 This incredibly pessimistic account of the nature of human life, Hobbes says, is born in part by the actions of all of us, when, without any thinking, we arm ourselves and lock our doors. Does not there as much accuse of mankind by his actions as I do with my words? But neither of us accuse man’s nature in it. The desires and the other passions of man, are in themselves no sin. No more are the actions, that proceed from those passions, till they know a law that forbids them: which till laws be made they cannot know: nor can a law be made, till they have agreed upon the person to make it.2 Accordingly, by arming ourselves and locking our doors, Hobbes’ political recommendations reflect the way we live. In today’s society it seems that no one believes in anything but money, which is leaving us morally bankrupt. People do what meets their own self-interests. This moral disintegration pulses throughShow MoreRelatedThomas Hobbes Leviathan801 Words   |  4 PagesThe true essence of Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan is a well-constructed story that examines human nature. Hobbes’ introduces Leviathan during a chaotic period filled with death and a voyage of human expansion, which leads to the creation of a logical and sustainable society. This society is the commonwealth and led by a sovereign. Upon first analysis, Hobbes’ explanation of the alteration to the commonwealth is questionable. Some weaknesses in Hobbes’ Leviathan can be easily found: the inconsistency ofRead MoreThe Leviathan By Thomas Hobbes1890 Words   |  8 PagesIn The L eviathan, Thomas Hobbes presents a highly cynical and thoroughly negative view of the natural condition of human beings. Hobbes understands humans as inherently suspicious and fearful of one another. Left to our natural state, people prove incapable of harmonious coexistence and instead aggressively pursue their own security. To achieve this end, men will belligerently defend what they view as theirs and endeavor to dominate as many others as possible. This understanding of security, howeverRead MoreThe Leviathan By Thomas Hobbes849 Words   |  4 PagesIn the text, the Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes conceives of the state as one ultimate political authority in which he calls the â€Å"sovereign†. For Hobbes, the sovereign is the apex of what we know to be the state. Since the beginning of time, the state has served as a beneficial and important facilitator of rights and resources. In our general conceptualization of the world, the state is the ultimate arbiter of political power and serves many fundamental purposes. Political philosophers throughout timeRead MoreLeviathan, By Thomas Hobbes838 Words   |  4 PagesIn Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes, he talks about nature, man, liberty, and other topics. Mr. Hobbes says that â€Å"nature hath made men so equal,† but how can we determine how they are equal? We can say everyone is equal before they come into the world, except when they are actually in the world, no one is the same. Everyone is different in some way, whether it be with respect, money, or just social gains. One man can claim any benefit to his satisfaction, but is it only satisfying to himself or othersRead MoreEssay Thomas Hobbes Leviathan1938 Words   |  8 PagesThomas Hobbes Leviathan Above anything else, Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan is a creation story and an investigation of human nature. The story begins in a time of chaos and death and through a journey of human development culminates in the establishment of a sustainable and rational society—the commonwealth—led by a sovereign. At a first casual glance, Hobbes’ reasoning of the transformation from the state of nature to the commonwealth is not airtight. A few possible objections can be quickly spotted:Read MoreSummary Of Leviathan By Thomas Hobbes883 Words   |  4 PagesYvette Thompson Question 1: In the excerpt Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes talks about human beings living in the state of nature where conditions are, â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.† (p.84) Hobbes claims, people will act in their best interest to form a powerful Sovereign to gain protection, he states â€Å"The mutual transferring of right, is that which men call contract.† (p.89) If this creation is to rescue people from their natural-self, then it is required for the sovereign to have completeRead MoreThomas Hobbes s Leviathan 1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe source which will be analysed is the frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes most famous work ‘Leviathan’ and ‘Leviathan’ as a whole. The frontispiece is considered as prominent as the arguments put forth by Thomas Hobbes in the ‘Leviathan’ itself. The frontispiece depicts a crowned figure grasping a crosier and a sword. This figure, or ‘Leviathan’, represents the all-powerful, comprehens ive state. When looked at closely, the torso and arms of the figure are made up of hundreds of individual people, whoRead MoreThomas Hobbes Leviathan Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages A state of nature is a hypothetical state of being within a society that defines such a way that particular community behaves within itself. English philosopher Thomas Hobbes proclaimed that, â€Å"A state of nature is a state of war.† By this, Hobbes means that every human being, given the absence of government or a contract between other members of a society, would act in a war-like state in which each man would be motivated by desires derived solely with the intention of maximizing his own utilityRead MoreThomas Hobbes And Lockes Leviathan1309 Words   |  6 Pagesof humans and consequently explained the best method of governing them. Published in 1651, Thomas Hobbes’s controversial Leviathan details a rather dystopian view of humanity’s natural state and advocates for an absolu tist government. Nearly 40 years later, John Locke published The Second Treatise of Government, detailing his own views, many of which sharply contrast with those of Hobbes. Despite both Hobbes and Locke arguing that all men are equal in the state of nature, Hobbes’s belief that thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes Leviathan1008 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish philosopher, Thomas Hobbes’, leviathan consists of three parts. The second part, titled â€Å"Of Commonwealth†, describes a government Hobbes refers to as the â€Å"leviathan†; which is simply defined as â€Å"something that is very large and powerful†. Biblically, â€Å"leviathan† is defined negatively, as a devilish sea monster. On the contrary, Hobbes uses the term to portray his version of the ideal government. Hobbes emphasizes the concept of human nature. He explains that there are both negative and

Critical Essay

Question: From its inception, Gerry Turcotte observes, the Gothic has dealt with fears and themes which are endemic in the colonial experience: isolation, entrapment, fear of pursuit and fear of the unknown. Explore these themes in the set texts of two authors on the unit. Answer: Henry Lawson The Drovers Wife, The Bush Undertaker, Hungerford Gothic can be described as a genre of English fiction that gained popularity in the late 18th to early 19th centuries. Gothic is usually characterized by a dreadful, usually fearful atmosphere, an isolated setting and characters that appear mysterious in a silent, brooding way. It creates a sense of foreboding, fear and entrapment in the minds of the readers. Novels like Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, The Monk by Matthew Lewis to Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte have acted as the torch-bearers in the field of Gothic (D'Arcens Louise, 1975-2000). The term Gothic itself has been derived from the pseudo-medieval buildings, commonly referred to as Gothic architecture. Various genres of literature ranging from horror to romanticism were explored in Gothic Literature. This can be clearly understood by taking a few examples like The Drovers Wife by Henry Lawson and A Dreamer by Barbara Baynton (Hiatt Alfred, pp 6-19). The Drovers Wife by Henry Lawson A classic example of the depiction of isolation and fear of the unknown is found in this story that has been penned down by Australian writer Henry Lawson. Published in the year 1892 by the Bulletin magazine for the first time, the story is about the hardships faced by a woman who is a drovers wife and lives in a dilapidated hut along with her four little children and their dog whose name is Alligator. The sense of isolation is introduced in the opening paragraph of the story itself as the broken hut, with its kitchen and veranda, is located in the flat countryside with nothing but bush surrounding it for as far as the eye could see. The drover usually stays away from home for long periods of time (Hiatt Alfred, pp 7-27). With no signs of civilization for nearly nineteen miles from the location of the hut, the drovers wife, single-handedly manages the household and protects her children from the unknown dangers of the place. The dangers present themselves in many ways, in unpredicta ble forms (Lawson, pp 59-68). Some days she deals with the floods, or pleuro-pneumonia that killed her cattle, other days a mad bullock that ravaged her already suffering house, the crows and eagles that attack the chickens. The thing that scares her the most is some bushman who turns up on their door to demand money. The story culminates when a venomous snake enters her house and she, along with Alligator the dog, wait out the entire night in apprehension but finally succeed in killing the snake and ensuring the safety of her children. The author creates a sense of alarm and fear among the readers by presenting these situations (Lawson, pp 96 - 115). The drovers wife, although a very strong character, is trapped in these circumstances and is miserable in her life. Bleak as the setting of the story is, she is also isolated from within. She has gotten used to the loneliness in her life, to the practice of her husband going away for indefinite stretches of time and the unpredictable f uture. The author has beautifully portrayed the character as one who steals little moments of joy in the face of the foreboding cloud of entrapment and isolation (Lawson, pp 243-248). A Dreamer by Barbara Baynton Set in the late eighteenth century, A Dreamer entices the audience by its crude portrayal of fear of the unknown and entrapment of the character, a pregnant woman in this case, in a terrible storm. A dreamer is a short story written by Barbara Baynton and published in London in the year 1902. The novel is a grim, yet not unpleasant, realism of the sufferings of the character which one can relate to. The story begins with the character getting down at a railway station in a dark, remote area on a windy night, awaiting the arrival of a buggy. However, the person who was expected to meet her at the station did not turn up and she waited there all alone (Vidal Mary, pp 97-156). In that isolated state, she decides to walk the distance to her destination which, till this point, is not revealed to the reader. As it turns out, she was visiting her mother at her childhood home and she thought that walking the distance, even on the windy and stormy night should not be a problem as she had gro wn up there and knew every landmark in the area and every nook and corner along the path. As she marches ahead, the storyline delves into a deeper and darker territory and the readers, in their minds, become apprehensive of her pursuit (Lawson, pp 59-68). The author recounts the series of incidents that went wrong during this walk. Losing her way at the crossroads, tripping over cattle while it was pouring, the forbidding willow tree that scares her badly as unpleasant incidents of the past that terrified her when she was a child come rushing to her, her almost drowning at the swollen creek before she reaches her house keeps the reader on the edges of the seats as fear of what may come next grips them (Wadeson, pp 159-203). The plot holds the attention of the reader at every point as it is unpredictable and unclear as to why the daughter, who is pregnant, is fighting all odds to visit her mother in such a hurry. Phrases like atonement in these difficulties and dangers which are used by the daughter rouses curiosity as to what wrong deeds she has committed and what are the sins that she is being punished for. The story climaxes when the daughter finally reaches her childhood home, meets her dog, which does not recognize her and has forgotten the sound of her voice and is greeted by strangers at her own house (Vidal Mary, pp 101-143). At this point, her pursuit and struggle seems to be in vain till one of the strangers silently leads her to a dark room with only a candle as the source of light. There, she finds her mother dead and unmoving. By studying the above two examples, one can say that Gothic literature has exploited various fears like those of isolation, entrapment and fear of the unknown to emerge as one of the most popular and widely-read genres of literature. Work Cited D'Arcens, Louise. "Andrew McGahan."Dictionary of Literary Biography. Volume Three Hundred Twenty-Five: Australian Writers, 19752000, 2006. Drexler, Peter, and Andrea Kinsky-Ehritt. "Writing an Alternative Australia: Women and National Discourse in Nineteenth-Century Literature." Pp 1-96 Hiatt, Alfred. "Petrarch's antipodes."Parergon22.2 ,2005: 1-30. Lawson, Henry.The Drover's Wife. Arsalan Ahmed, 2002. Pp 59-68 Lawson, Henry. "Hungerford." 1893, pp 50-123 Lawson, Henry. "The bush undertaker."The Bush Undertaker and Other Stories, Angus Robertson, Sydney1892. Pp 243-248 Vidal, Mary Theresa.Tales for the Bush. 1846. Pp 97-156 Wadeson, Dale Andrew.Accounting practitioners in rural Australian communities: a phenomenological exploration of social capital, professional role and community expectation. Diss. James Cook University, 2015, pp 1-384.

Saving Private Ryan and the battle scenes in A Bridge Too Far Essay Example

Saving Private Ryan and the battle scenes in A Bridge Too Far Essay The director ( in this case Stephen Spielberg and Richard Attenborough ) would be getting information for the film from factual pieces of information like relics from the war or books, the list for information could be endless. The directors would then use this information to make a realistic environment for the movie to be set in. The settings at the start of the films differ because of the difference in shooting of the films. A Bridge Too Far was set about 30 years ago meaning the audiences preferences for an opening bit wasnt going to be gory. Saving Private Ryan on the other hand is an ultra realistic film; this was allowed to be done because the audiences tastes and desires changed over time. Bearing this in mind each film starts off in a different way, A Bridge Too Far with its introduction to the war. Where as Saving Private Ryan with its Beach scene, full of blood guts and Psychological Horror. These films create realism in different ways as well, now taking into account these films were made a while apart from each other, so they both were available to different technology, makes it seem more likely for the recent film to have better effects, thus creating realism, dont you think? We will write a custom essay sample on Saving Private Ryan and the battle scenes in A Bridge Too Far specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Saving Private Ryan and the battle scenes in A Bridge Too Far specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Saving Private Ryan and the battle scenes in A Bridge Too Far specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Saving Private Ryan the effect of a major star as a main part, makes people more inclines to go and watch it because the Major star will have a good reputation or might be a teenage heart throb, making more people want go to and see it as they know if the actor is used to his/her full potential, the film will be outstanding. I think Earlier on in the movie industry people had the idea that big stars would make big movies. But over time they came to their senses and realised its the quality of the film and the plot, not the reputation of the actors in general. A Bridge to Far is a prime example of this, even though its got a storyline they gave all the main stars at that time, main parts. Hoping people would go and watch it just to see their Idol/Idols grouped together re enacting part of history. Even if this worked at the time, in the long run it might have been better to set out the characters differently, so people dont get confused by the main actors other roles in other films. The films represent different nationalities fighting for Britain or America as the goodies and anyone on the opposing side ( in this case Germany) would be cast as Evil or the Baddies. This also might have been the case because they might have still be a conflict and agitation between countries when the film was made, making the film bias and stereotypical on there account. The theme of war in each film is entirely different. For example Saving Private Ryan represents how war is a terrible emotional rollercoaster in which people have been brutally killed for political beliefs. It also takes into account the life beyond war and the feelings of families who would be affected by the death of its soldiers. A Bridge Too Far on the other hand shows war as a victorious battle for good where everyone is in favour of it. Jeering and shouting to the heavens of how Britain should be at war, saving the world from destruction (may sound so heavy but its how I interpreted it) this might be because the feelings of many were indecisive so the film was to settle thoughts of how war is waste of time. The most realistic part of A Bridge to Far in my opinion is flying bullets and raised voices The Iconography in each film is completely different. In A Bridge Too Far it shows the British strutting about the war zone like they owned the bloody place! Showing off their bright colours and Flags like they were in the brownies! The way The soldiers move about in A Bridge Too Far is somewhat realistic as it lacks some sort of strategy to it, all of the men and vehicles are real enough with the way they move.and malfunction but its all too movie like to be real. The way the soldiers from Saving Private Ryan as dressed gives you a better understanding of what it really would have been like, though its hard to know for sure. All of the soldiers have unshaven faces, dirt and muck line their clothes, and an expression of fear rests on every one of their lips. In Saving Private Ryan the first Scene you see is of an old war veteran walking too a grave stone with his family trudging behind him. This then fades through his eyes to the cold beaches. This is where the film really starts off. The use of Different camera angles gives us a better Look at what the soldiers were experiencing. It differs from long shots of the boat, too up close helpless expressions on their faces. The lighting is dim and grey which sets the scene with the murky skies full of anger and recklessness. The camera views during the beach landing are also ingenious. Second person view from behind the soldiers to a first person shot of whats going on. This gives us an excellent opportunity to scope out the scenery and the surrounding Disasters! The cameras show depressing shots of blown up people, people scared out of their pants and the general look of being terrified and distressed! On A Bridge Too Far it shows numerous camera angles zooming in and out on activities going on around of the battlefield, and inside the cabins where the important people sit. Both films fit the Category of War well but do it in different ways. Saving Private Ryan is realistic gory and full of truth. Where as A Bridge Too Far is Patriotic, colourful and fearless, giving it a more thrilling and enticing look at war? They both show how painful it can be in the context of people dying, but Saving Private Ryan just does it with added realism. The genre in this film might have changed because of the these factors; Ask yourself, do we as the public expect greater realism due to our for ever sickening minds and gruesome fantasys? Because the more we crave and demand specific aspects in a film, the harder the directors try to fulfil our thirst. Peoples tastes are also constantly changing due to fashion and daily events all over the world. This might include personal or political beliefs which have been altered due to an event. Coming from someone who is a participant of the audience who watches these films, I can say that our hunger is growing stronger due to the improvements to technology and the quality of the films storylines. As we broaden out horizons this way, it gives us a new light for us to take new pathways and ideas for films. Referring back to the mention of the handheld camera, I would like to say that even though it is no new piece of unbelievably astounding technique, and has been around for quite a while now. The way Stephen Spielberg has incorporated it into the series of events happening, just gives it that edge on realism. To conclude these films I think they both are great examples of war time movie making, but come under different versions of the genre War. Saving Private Ryan is a realistic and very effective way or conveying how war is like and the emotions thrown about during the life threatening situation. A Bridge Too Far will go down as a classic war film as it was made from the primitive resources they had back then, and used to great effect. I guess it was made so effective because they still had a vivid image of the war, so they used as much knowledge and equipment available to them, to pull of making war as it should have been, knowing people would till be shaken up a bit. It being the Second World War and all. A Bridge Too Far is a interpretation but without all the blood and gore and excessive swearing we see in films these days. The quality of the film is also dependant on its target market. And in this case it was everyone so of course it wont be able to show all the violence and blood it might have done. Stephen Spielberg has made a stunning crack at interpreting the events that happened during Omaha Bridge into a gripping story! His ways of expressing the ideas onto the big screen undermine most professionals by his standards. I definitely Prefer Saving Private Ryan as it shows exactly what we should be seeing to give us a understanding of what they went through to keep our country as it is, and to give credit to the lives lost defending our legacy. I think, no I know that Saving Private Ryan will go down in history as one of the best war films ever.

The Lingual Theory A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films

The Lingual Theory A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films The media is an avenue through which occurrences taking place in a society are communicated to the audience. Such communication is usually guided by specific frameworks meant to deliver information in a certain manner. Colombo (2004) points out that film and other forms of mass communication ascribe to particular theoretical frameworks to deliver their message to the target audience.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Lingual Theory: A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, some of the theories used in this field have been overtaken by events, rendering them irrelevant in contemporary society. As such, it is incumbent upon the stakeholders to come up with new theoretical frameworks that respond to the evolving needs in these changing times. In the current paper, the author seeks to develop a new theory of communication with regards to film. Colombo (2004) points out that generation of new theories is made possible by building upon existing models. To this end, the author of this paper relies on the semiotics and standpoint theories to come up with a new structure of communication. The utilization of these two theories in the field of film generation and distribution is critically examined in this essay. Such assessment helps the author to come up with a hybrid theory whose concepts build on the weaknesses of the other two. The applicability of the new theoretical model, dubbed the lingual theory, will be tested against a real life scenario in contemporary media. The Semiotics Theory of Communication The theoretical structure is developed from the study of signs and their related processes and applications in communication. According to Friedman and Thellefsen (2011), the theory is closely related to the linguistic model of analyzing the structure of a particular language. The model helps to determine the meaning of the various languages used in communication. Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) add that the theory of semiotics builds on linguistic studies. To this effect, it makes use of sign systems that are not themselves linguistic in nature. In a bid to illustrate the components of the semiotics model of communication, Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) point out that signs form the backbone of the theory. Friedman and Thellefsen argue that the theoretical framework is applied in a wide array of platforms in the communication and media arena. For example, Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) are of the opinion that the theory is used in the fashion and the science fiction movie industries. The developers of this framework suggest that human beings are naturally animals. Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) add that, due to their animalistic nature, humans have the ability to develop and interpret signs. It is this development and interpretation of symbols that forms the basis of the semiotics theory.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In analyzing this theory, Li (2011) posits that there are three main branches that give it its meanings. The first is the branch that focuses on the semantics of the language. Here, the meaning of the signs used in communication is deciphered. In addition, the theory looks at the structural relations between the given signs. It is these relations that Li (2011) refers to as the semantics. Finally, the model has a pragmatic component to it. The element helps to determine the relationship between the sign using agents and the signs developed. In other words, it identifies the language in relation to the user. The theory is widely used in communication given that language and linguistics are major components of this phenomenon. In such cases, the signs are developed to form some kind of code. Such codes represent a particular element of the society (Alsina Jimenez, 2010). An example of its application is found in the imagery used to depict a specific phenomenon in the society through the media. Alsina and Jimenez (2010) hold that advertisements and films make use of sexual allure to pass across their message to the target audience. In this case, the symbol of a woman is mostly used. The need to develop this theory stems from the two of the assumptions that are made. Friedman and Thellefsen (2011) point out that the model assumes that cultures are formed through language. Consequently, the use of a language that appears to be private creates an atmosphere of unfairness. Another supposition is made with regards to speech in the society. The theory presupposes that all individuals have the ability to communicate in more than one ‘speech community’ (Colombo, 2004, p. 44). The two assumptions are evidently in conflict with each other. As a result, a need arises to generate a blend between the two (Friedman Thellefsen, 2011). The model insists that everybody can participate in the various speech communities. As a result, the theory implies that all cultures have a similar signage in their languages (Friedman Thellefsen, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Lingual Theory: A Hybrid of Semiotics and Stand Point Theories of Analyzing Films specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such an assumption is not entirely true. An example of the erroneous nature of such a supposition can be seen in the generational gap between people. For instance, there was a time when certain depictions that are not in use today were accepted in the media. Alsina and Jimenez (2010) make a case for feminism and how its acceptance varies depending on one’s age group. The generation that lived in the fifties accepted the image of a submissive woman in the media. The same is unacceptable in today’s society (Friedman Thellef sen, 2011). To the female watching a 50s film today, an image of a woman working out in the kitchen appears like a foreign language. Such are the reasons why the theory needs to be changed since imagery is viewed as a private language to people of different speech communities. Standpoint Theory of Communication In modern society, there exist various forms of communication which are inter-subjective in nature. The standpoint theory is a framework developed to analyze discourses of this form (Anderson Baym, 2004, p. 589). The theoretical model is of the view that people’s opinions are formed by their knowledge. As a result, the opinions vary depending on the levels of knowledge among different individuals. The perspectives of the audience in relation to a particular subject matter are based or informed by their past experiences. Anderson and Baym (2004) provide a working definition of the standpoint concept to illustrate this model. Anderson and Baym (2004) conceptualize the c oncept as a specific location from where an individual looks at their society. The standpoint model of communication focuses on a number of issues. The elements addressed include gender, race, and social class (Anderson Baym, 2004). An example of the use of this theory is evident in the way one perceives a person from the African American community. The media depictions of the said racial group’s association with crime support the biased nature of such individual perceptions. A similar situation is seen among the Hispanic community. However, a change in their social class may lead to variations in the perceptions accorded the individuals. The theory is synonymous with feminism in mass communication (Anderson Baym, 2004). Like any other social science model, the standpoint theory makes a number of assumptions. In their research, Buzzanell (2003) affirms that the standpoint model of communication is feminist in nature. The same stems from the assumption that social relations are understood on the basis of societal classes (Buzzanell, 2003). In addition, the theory postulates that the elite members of a society lord their opinions on their inferiors. The upper classes suppress the opinions and welfare of persons in the lower echelons of the social ladder. The view further assumes that the ‘standpoints’ of the social elite rank higher than those of persons from the lower cadres.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The assumptions made by the standpoint theory fuel the sentiments of those opposed to it. The critics argue that it focuses on the marginalized groups in the society, leaving out the others. According to Intemann (2010), the conceptual framework is applied in instances where there is a need to illustrate marginalization in the community. The most common example of the application of this theory is in the analysis of the issue of slavery. At the time of the slave trade, the Africans sold to slavery were believed to be from an inferior school of thought. Consequently, films created in this field tend to depict persons of African origins as inferior to the Caucasians (Intemann, 2010). In the modern times, feminism appears to be the most common channel through which the standpoint theory conveys information to the general public (Buzzanell, 2003). An example of this application is made apparent in the African context where radio is used by women to highlight their sufferings in the soci ety. Such is a biased perspective given the fact that it is discriminatory to use the radio to address the issues related to women along. Buzzanell (2003) points out that mass media exhibit feminism by depicting women as inferior to men. Intemann (2010) points out that the internet age has made information accessible to many people. As a result, the class and gender biases associated with this theory are increasingly becoming irrelevant, necessitating a new framework. The standpoint model attempts to build on previous theories by insisting that experience is not necessary in formulating perceptions about a group of people. However, by creating class and gender biases, the theory appears to erect hurdles with regards to information access. As a result, it is important to develop a better framework to reduce this bias. The Need for a New Theory of Communication Anderson and Boym (2004) posit that communication should be beneficial to the audience targeted. The said benefit can be real ized through elimination of biases. Effective communication makes use of coded language in a bid to discriminate against or pour contempt on another group of people. The two theories discussed above fail to meet the high threshold of fairness. Based on this, the need to develop an effective communication framework requires the advancement of a new theory. The shortcomings of the two theories above are grounds enough for the formulation of a new theoretical framework. The author of this essay responds to this need by developing a hybrid theoretical concept. According to Anderson and Boym (2004), communication philosophy should evolve with time. Hybridization of existing theories is a way through which this evolution is realized. The New Lingual Theory of Communication Termed the lingual theory, the new framework borrows various concepts from the two theories discussed above. According to Mejias (2001), communication is a dynamic social behavior. It follows that the frameworks through which information is communicated to the masses must respond to these dynamics. In line with this, the lingual theory attempts to introduce dynamism to the semiotics and standpoint theories. In essence, the new model brings together the two ‘antique’ frameworks and builds on their weaknesses. The underlying principle of this new framework is the language factor. Wright (2001) argues that communication should develop in tandem with the changes taking place in the language sector. The changes are usually in the semantics and the demographic perceptions associated with particular languages. In such cases, the semiotics theory addresses the issue through the signage concept. On its part, the standpoint theory donates its concepts on knowledge. By fusing the two dimensions, the lingual theory seeks to reduce the biases and prejudices attributed to the earlier conceptualizations of communication. Theories are usually formulated by making several assumptions (Wright, 2001). T he lingual theory presupposes that communication is a phenomenon characteristic to all living organisms. For the purposes of this discourse, the phenomenon is assumed to be present in all human beings. The second conjecture of this theory is that people from all walks of life are free to access information. Consequently, communication will phase out signs and analogies that lock out some groups in the society. Mejias (2001) illustrates that in today’s cyber age, access to information is not restricted. On the basis of this reality, the lingual theory makes the assumption that information should be made available to all people. The theory proposes the elimination of coded language that creates some form of secrecy. The objective is to ensure that information is communicated without a tinge of prejudice whatsoever. The propositions made in the lingual theory are aimed at reducing the identified biases. The model promotes innovativeness in communication. According to Anderson an d Boym (2004), the dynamic nature of language implies that certain semantics do not make sense to some clusters of people in the society. The theory homes in on such circumstances and proposes innovativeness in the semantics and symbols used in language. For instance, instead of using sexual allure as a symbol for advertising female related products, media outlets should introduce some form of euphemism. In this sense, innovativeness is likely to increase the number of target audience The theory provides that communication should not discriminate against some groups in the society. Lack of discrimination will increase access to information. The suggestion rides on the assumption that information should be open to everyone in the society. Anderson and Boym (2004) make a similar suggestion by arguing that communication is expected to be a universally uniting form of art. To this end, the element should reduce racial, gender, and class discrimination, which characterize most forms of v isual art. Mejias (2001) affirms that theoretical frameworks are developed from various paradigms. The paradigms are schools of thought that tend to explain the perceptions of the various elements in the community. The lingual theory relies on a positivist paradigm given its focus on reality as defined by a person’s senses. The need to eliminate biases and prejudices informs the use of this paradigm. The theory seeks to be objective and realistic. The selected paradigm makes it possible to communicate by expressing concrete aspects of a society, including events and situations. The theory borrows heavily from the Shannon and Weaver traditions of communication models. Mejias (2001) points out that the model comprises of a sender, a medium, and a receiver. The lingual theory is based on the fact that modern communication relies on different media for transmission, upholding this tradition in the long term. The tradition adopted also stems from the fact that the new model addres ses the issue of parties involved in communication. Application of the Lingual Theory The theory can be used in different situations in a societal setting. As already indicated, it seeks to eliminate biases and prejudices in communication. It can be utilized to address complaints touching on feminism. According to Cuklanz and Sujata (2006), the depiction of women in the media is a major concern to many people. There are groups of people who feel offended by the feminist approach in highlighting women in films and other communication platforms. The lingual theory comes as a relief to women and other anti-feminist groups. Feminism can be used to understand the injustices meted out on women due to their gender (Cuklanz Sujata, 2006). Some media personalities find it important to use women to pass across information. However, such depictions are associated with various prejudices and biases. An assumption is made to the effect that women belong to a certain category. Such depictions of women as housewives were prominent in the 1950s. However, with changing times, women are increasingly embracing new professions. As a result, a portrayal of women as inferior beings goes against the ethics of communication. The most common element of feminism in communication is evident in the illustration of women as sexual objects. Cuklanz and Sujata (2006) argue that most films and advertisement campaigns seek to attract the attention of their clients by creating sexual images of women. In most cases such forms of communication are targeted at the male audience. In a way, the sexual highlight is prejudicial since women can be much more than objects of primal satisfaction. Communication of such nature is driven by the two theories discussed earlier. The lingual theory seeks to respond to anti-feminism, especially in mass media. An example is made of a fashion advertisement targeting women who are in the working class category. Bearing in mind that the lingual theory focuses on th e content, the creator, and the recipient of messages, innovativeness is expected to minimize bias. In line with this, the theory comes up with signs and semantics that sit well with the professional woman of modern times. For instance, rather than advertise a dress that has sexual connotations, the emitter can go for a comfortable, yet appealing, professional look. Figures 1 and 2 below illustrate this: Figure 1: Sexy dress Source: Women sexy dress lady party mini dresses backless clubwear evening (2013) Figure 2: Professional look Source: Ladies’ sweater ol fashion large size knitted coat women’s modern outer wholse, ladies’ autumn outerwear fall clothing (2014) Figure 1 creates an evident sexual appeal illustrated through the dress worn by the model. Such an impression is common in advertisements. However, the model in figure 2 helps to bring in some sense of self-worth to suggest that a woman can be comfortable and happy without the need to appeal to the s exual emotions. Symbols and signs inform most communication processes (Alsina Jimenez, 2010). However, according to the lingual theory, the symbol used in figure 2 lacks bias and prejudice. Semantics are key components of communication processes (Anderson Baym, 2004). By borrowing from the semiotics theory, the lingual framework incorporates semantics in the new equation. The textual language used to pass information should be non-prejudicial. In such instances, the emitter of a given piece of information is expected to make use of euphemism. An example can be made in the film industry. An example can be given of a film featuring women. Intemann (2010) argues that derogatory language may be used to refer to female characters. Such language is offensive to the women folk. The lingual theory restricts individuals from making use of such offensive language in a bid to accommodate everyone. Conclusion The author of this paper argues that the standpoint and semiotics theory limit the e ffectiveness of communication. Anderson and Boym (2004) hold the opinion that effective communication should not discriminate against some parties in the society. The shortcomings of the two theories necessitate the creation of an alternative model. However, it is important to note that the new lingual theory has its own shortcomings. By assuming that information is universally accessible, the theory goes against the need for privacy under sensitive circumstances. Nonetheless, the lingual theory provides an alternative framework of communication. References Alsina, R., Jimenez, L. (2010). Communication theory and research in Spain: A paradigmatic case of a socio-humanistic discipline. European Journal of Communication, 35(3), 273-286. Anderson, A., Baym, G. (2004). Philosophies and philosophic issues in communication. Journal of Communication, 54(4), 589-615. Buzzanell, P. (2003). A feminist standpoint analysis of maternity and maternity leave for women with disabilities.  Women and Language,  26(2), 53-65. Colombo, M. (2004). Theoretical perspectives in media-communication research: From linear to discursive models. Forum: Qualitative Social Research,  5(2), 26-28. Cuklanz, M., Sujata, M. (2006). Televisions â€Å"new† feminism: Prime-time representations of women and victimization. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 23(4), 302-321. Friedman, A., Thellefsen, M. (2011). Concept theory and semiotics in knowledge organization. Journal of Documentation, 67(4), 644-674. Intemann, K. (2010). 25 years of feminist empiricism and standpoint theory: Where are we now?. Hypatia, 25(4), 228-796. Ladies’ sweater ol fashion large size knitted coat women’s modern outer wholse, ladies’ autumn outerwear fall clothing [Image]. (2014). Web. Li, Y. (2011). Nonwestern semiotics and its possible impact on the composition of semiotics theory in the future. Semiotica, 2011(187), 229-237. Mejias, U. (2001). Sustainable communicational realit ies in the age of virtuality. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 18, 211-228. Women sexy dress lady party mini dresses backless clubwear evening [Image]. (2013). Web. Wright, M. (2001). Gestalt psychological theory’s value in rhetorical criticism. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 87, 208-215.

Ornithomimids - The Bird Mimic Dinosaurs

Ornithomimids - The Bird Mimic Dinosaurs As dinosaur families go, ornithomimids (Greek for bird mimics) are a bit misleading: these small-to-medium-sized theropods werent named for their similarity to flying birds like pigeons and sparrows, but too large, flightless birds like ostriches and emus. In fact, the typical ornithomimid body plan looked a lot like that of a modern ostrich: long legs and tail, a thick, rounded trunk, and a small head perched atop a slender neck. Because ornithomimids like Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus bear such a marked resemblance to modern ratites (as ostriches and emus are technically classified), theres a strong temptation to infer similarities in the behavior of these two very different types of animals. Paleontologists believe that ornithomimids were the fastest dinosaurs that ever lived, some long-legged varieties (such as Dromiceiomimus) capable of hitting speeds of 50 miles per hour. Theres also a strong temptation to picture ornithomimids as covered with feathers, though the evidence for this isnt as strong as for other families of theropods, such as raptors and therizinosaurs. Ornithomimid Behavior and Habitats Like a few other dinosaur families that prospered during the Cretaceous periodsuch as raptors, pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsiansornithomimids seem to have been confined mainly to North America and Asia, although some specimens have been dug up in Europe, and one controversial genus (Timimus, which was discovered in Australia) may not have been a true ornithomimid at all. In keeping with the theory that ornithomimids were fast runners, these theropods most likely inhabited ancient plains and lowlands, where their pursuit of prey (or headlong retreat from predators) wouldnt be impeded by thick vegetation. The most unusual characteristic of ornithomimids was their omnivorous diets. These were the only theropods we yet know of, besides therizinosaurs, that evolved the ability to eat vegetation as well as meat, as evidenced by the gastroliths found in the fossilized guts of some specimens. (Gastroliths are small stones that some animals swallow in order to help grind up tough plant matter in their guts.) Since later ornithomimids possessed weak, toothless beaks, its believed that these dinosaurs fed on insects, small lizards, and mammals as well as plants. (Interestingly, the earliest ornithomimidsPelecanimimus and Harpymimusdid have teeth, the former over 200 and the latter a mere dozen.) Despite what youve seen in movies like Jurassic Park, theres no solid evidence that ornithomimids scurried across the North American plains in vast herds (although hundreds of Gallimimus galloping away from a pack of tyrannosaurs at top speed would certainly have been an impressive sight!) As with many types of dinosaurs, though we know frustratingly little about the daily life of ornithomimids, a state of affairs that may well change with further fossil discoveries.

Assay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assay - Essay Example He replied that the symptoms manifested the day before, and that he has not had any medications as yet. He appeared to be a very healthy man in his forties. The pharmacist later revealed to me that the patient was a regular at the pharmacy. The patient’s blood pressure and cholesterol levels were within normal range and he did not suffer any medical conditions. After the interview, I observed that the pharmacist advised him to take Dimetapp which is an over-the-counter, no-drowse, cough and cold remedy. The pharmacist also advised him to increase his water intake in order to facilitate his recovery from his colds. A review of various articles and researches on the effectiveness of non-antibiotic remedies for cough and colds revealed that the most promising remedies for cough and colds include â€Å"dextromethorphan, bisolvon, and guiaphenesin for cough, antihistamine- decongestant combinations for a wide range of symptoms, nasal decongestants (at least for the first dose) and possibly zinc lozenges† (Arroll, p. 1478). Dimetapp is an antihistamine-decongestant, hence highly recommended for colds and cough. Another patient came in to buy a sedative nasal decongestant. I observed the pharmacist interview where the pharmacist asked him if he was taking any other medication, and he said he was taking Exxefor. I reviewed my knowledge of Exxefor and was able to establish that Exxefor is an antidepressant classified as an SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor). It is a prescription drug for major depressive and anxiety disorders. This drug is also contraindicated for patients who are hypersensitive to Venlafaxine. I was further able to establish that the most common side-effects for Exxefor are the following: headache, nausea, insomnia, dry mouth, dizziness, and sweating. When taken with any sedative drug, the chances for the occurrence of these side-effects would increase. I then understood why the