Anglo-Saxon Warriors and the Klephts of Greece: Their Indo-European Ori

Anglo-Saxon Warriors and the Klephts of Greece Their Indo-European OriginsAnglo-Saxon warrior bands share the same code of honor as the Greek underground fighters called Klephts both nations having a common Indo-European heritage and concept of hero. Beginning in the fifth century Germanic invasions transformed the Celtic culture of the British Isles. Anglo-Saxon warrior bands conquered the native Celts and prevailed in England from the fifth until the eleventh century. Warfare, the idea of comitatus, and the Germanic doughty code comprised the Anglo-Saxon way of life. Their warrior clans were ruled by a wondrous figure, a chieftain or king, and the heroic code valued bravery, boasting, and supra all allegiance to their king.Loyalty to the king gave warriors a sense of honor, identity and belonging. In Germania Tacitus writes,They choose their kings for their noble birth, their leaders for their valour. The power even of the kings is not absolute or arbitrary. As for the leaders, it is their example rather than theirauthority that wins them special admiration(7.1).It was their leaders rather than their kings who were the heroic figures whom the warriors could admire and emulate. The Kings were usually inferior in virtue and courage to the great heroes who serve them (Oosten, 152). Nevertheless, the Anglo-Saxon heroic code valued allegiance to the king above all else, since he was viewed not only as a protector but also the provider of plenty (Chaney, 90). On the field of battle, that loyalty was transferred to their leader or hero. Tacitus explains that Anglo-Saxon warriors were expected to support their leaders in battle unto death or live a life of infamy. Tacitus, (6.22-3). Since they were forced to struggle co... ...hop. The predict Liturgy of St John Chrysostom Hymnal. Brookline, Mass Greek OrthodoxDiocese of North and South America, 1977.Oosten, Jarich G. The War of the gods, The Social Code in Indo European Mythology. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985.Runciman, Steven. The undischarged Church in Captivity, A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople From the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1968.Stover, Leon E. and Kraig, Bruce. Stonehenge, The Indo-European Heritage. Chicago Nelson-Hall, 1978.Winn, Shan M. M. Heaven, Heroes, and Happiness, The Indo-European Roots of westerly Ideology. New YorkUniversity Press of America, 1995.Zafiropoulos, Simoni, ed. Greece in Poetry, With PaintingDrawings, Photographs, and Other Works of Art. New York Harry N. Abrahms, Inc., 1993.

Solar Cell Experiment :: Papers

Solar Cell Experiment Introduction Solar Cells convert commence energy to electrical energy, so are transducers. Aim 1 To investigate any relationship present in the midst of the distance between a solar cell and a lamp, and the current go forthput of the solar cell, at a fixed voltage. Aim 2 To investigate any relationship present between the power supplied to a bulb, and the current of a solar panel, at a fixed distance apart. When investigating a solar cell, there are several(prenominal) variables we could investigate. Below, I have analysed all the variables that could be investigated, and evaluated which one I will investigate. When considering what variables of the light I could investigate, several things come to mind. Variable 1 low-cal Light has different colours, and different coloured lights are existn to have different frequencies. This in turn would cause the different coloured lights to emit different levels of power. We know th at this is the case because when combining the two below formulae, we can see that energy and frenquency are related. Wavelength x Frequency= Wave Speed Plancks Constant x absolute frequency= Energy The second formula states that frequency is directly proportional to energy. When rearranging the first formula to display frequency as the subject of the formula, and then substituting the nurse for frenquency given (wave speed/wavelength) into the second formula, we get Planck s constant x wavespeed/wavelength= energy Using this formula, we can find out what kinds of light give out the around energy. As all light travels at the same speed (300,000 m/s), we know that the wavelength of the light will determine how much energy is given out from the light. The wavelength and frequency are directly related in light, because both multiplied must give a product of 300,000 m/s. We can gather by the formula that lights with a smaller wavelength will give o ut more energy, because when a smaller number is divided by the wavespeed and multiplied by the constant, a higher value for the

Macbeth :: Essays Papers

MacbethThe witches and Lady Macbeth appear to dominate Macbeths will, but in reality Macbeth is ever so in control. The confusion is created because, unlike these one dimensional, aggravating characters, he understands the complexity of the problem and must wrestle with his conscience. However, his action is based primarily upon his own desires. Ironically, aban maked his understanding of the issues, he is horrified by the immensity of his crime once it has been committed and his terrified of the consequences.Clearly Macbeth understands the problem he faces and must struggle with his conscience. passim Macbeths soliloquy in Scene 1 he expresses his feelings by saying,Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fearThy very stones prate of my whereab issue,And take the present annoyance from the time,Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he livesWords to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives. (Act 2, Scene 1)With that speech he is saying dont hear the steps I walk for fear they will give away my whereabouts. He wishes that the silence would break so he could finish his work. This meaning he wants the bell to ring, causing a break in silence, signaling him to kill Duncan so he can get his evil deed finished. To add to that point he also is saying that talking is delaying action. Actions being the killing of Duncan. The bold reality is that he is struggling within himself because he just wants to get it over and done with. He has everything under control now and just hopes that he wont be found out. The complexity of his problem between his ambition and loyalty he recognizes, knowing that he wants to do this but prays not to be caught in his act of disloyalty. Macbeths ambitions are that of his own desire. The murdering of Duncan is purely what Mabeth truly wants. These desires are well pointed out during his soliloquy in Scene 1. He says, Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee.I r escue thee not, and yet I see thee still.Art thou not, fatal vision, sensibleTo feeling as to sight? or art thou butA dagger of the mind, a false creation,Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?I see thee yet, in form as palpable

Essay --

Separate Spheres Concerning Work Life and Family LifeIndustrial revolution is a time reigning from the eighteenth to 19th century. The era was marked with the major changes in the transport industry, mining, manufacturing and agriculture. This was imputable to the profound impact of the early agriculture on the cultural and socioeconomic aspects concerning packs lives. The result of the industrial revolution spread throughout North America, Europe and the entire world with time. This marks the major turning point in early life and history of man as the industrial revolution influenced almost all aspects of human life in the present civilization. There was a rapid population growth and improved standards of living due to the advancement of the industrial revolution (Triece, 2007). This paper is going to cover all aspects of family life and execute life as crock up spheres and how they create both men and women experiences today.With the advancement of the ancient technology, family life shifted to women expectation while the men dominated the business life. This is extremely evident as most of the duties at during the ancient time required lots of determination and work force. Most of the work was so tiresome for women due to their nature of being less masculine. In this regard, work life is a balance of concepts that usually entails good prioritizing with an indivi sopranos lifestyle and work. These are the choices that individuals collide with in their lives concerning different roles and duties in the community. A dramatic change is evident in both the demographic profiles and labor markets. Most of The families have embarked on the dual earner kind of living from the traditional mode that views the male as the only breadwinner.Relevant to this, the c... ...refore, the emergence of politics, religion and male public figures promoted the ideology of women as a civilizing force within the family home. For example, men took part in active war front in the Second World War while the women carry on them with their daily food supply and provision of medical care. Some women roles declined to the extent of acting as spies and providing the relevant information to the men in battle. In conclusion, the separate spheres mainly acted as a reminder to both genders concerning their duties and roles concerning the entire society expectations towards them (Tronto, 2013).ReferencesTriece, M. E. (2007). On the picket line Strategies of working-class women during the depression. Urbana University of Illinois Press.Tronto, J. C. (2013). Caring democracy Markets, equality, and justice. innovative York New York University Press.

Country Music Essay -- Entertainment

The debate whether commercialism has stripped hoidenish medicinal drug of its authenticity is one that requires further examination into who ultimately holds the power. The sometimes-drastic changes made in music leaves people questioning the tastes of consumers when in fact they are the bystanders of an overpowering industry. Fans are people who buy the albums, go to concerts, and request songs on the radio, not the execs that grocery store the music, and yet their opinions/tastes arent taken into consideration. Fans carry a lot of clout in regards to what they define as commercialism gone wrong and acceptable state music. Despite what may seem fair, those who are financi all in ally invested in its success drive the commercialization of music. According to The Nashville Sound, markers that include rural origins, stylized sets, evidently spontaneous performance, accessible performers, and heartfelt songs can characterize country musics authenticity (13). The foundations of wha t country music has originated from are incorporated within these markers and are used to separate the real from the fake. Early country music was a means of coping with a life of work and worries it also brought communities of the impoverished unitedly in fellowship. The establishment of these markers glimpses into the culture and realities of many country music artists before their fame. Take for instance a family sitting huddled together on a porch on a cool summer evening listening to a family member play the banjo while another sings along. Everyone is enjoying and living in that moment and all worries are far from mind. Country music made people feel at ease and comfortable, it brought people back to their memories of the good old days. This is the way country music sh... ...ue. Consumers shouldnt have to settle with music instead they should be enjoying it. In order to get the authenticity back within commercialized music it leave only happen if people begin to realize the power that they hold. Once people start to realize that then the music that is produced, and sung will have a more significant affect on its listeners music then can continue to be inspiring. Quality music is and will endlessly be cherished more than mass-produced commercialized cacophony. Works CitedJensen, Joli. The Nashville Sound Authenticity, Commercialization, and Country Music.Tennessee Vanderbilt University Press/ Country Music Foundation Press, 1998. PrintMalone, report C. Country Music, U.S.A. Texas University of Texas Press, 1985. PrintMarcus, Greil. Mystery Train Images of America in Rock n Roll. New York PenguinGroup, 1985. Print

Country Music Essay -- Entertainment

The debate whether commercialism has stripped country music of its authenticity is one that requires further examination into who ultimately holds the power. The sometimes-drastic changes do in music leaves people questioning the tastes of consumers when in fact they are the bystanders of an overpowering industry. Fans are people who buy the albums, go to concerts, and request songs on the radio, non the execs that market the music, and yet their opinions/tastes arent taken into consideration. Fans carry a lot of clout in regards to what they define as commercialism gone wrong and acceptable country music. Despite what may seem fair, those who are financially invested in its success drive the commercialization of music. According to The Nashville Sound, markers that include rural origins, conventionalised sets, seemingly spontaneous performance, accessible performers, and heartfelt songs can characterize country musics authenticity (13). The foundations of what country music has originated from are incorporated inside these markers and are used to separate the real from the fake. Early country music was a means of coping with a life of work and worries it also brought communities of the poverty-stricken together in fellowship. The establishment of these markers glimpses into the culture and realities of many country music artists before their fame. Take for instance a family sitting huddled together on a porch on a cool summer evening listening to a family member play the banjo while another sings along. Everyone is enjoying and living in that flash and all worries are far from mind. Country music made people feel at ease and comfortable, it brought people back to their memories of the good old days. This is the port country music sh... ...ue. Consumers shouldnt have to settle with music instead they should be enjoying it. In order to get the authenticity back within commercialised music it go away only happen if people begin to realize the power that they hold. Once people start to realize that then the music that is produced, and call will have a more significant affect on its listeners music then can continue to be inspiring. Quality music is and will always be cherished more than mass-produced commercialized cacophony. Works CitedJensen, Joli. The Nashville Sound Authenticity, Commercialization, and Country Music.Tennessee Vanderbilt University Press/ Country Music Foundation Press, 1998. yarn-dyeMalone, Bill C. Country Music, U.S.A. Texas University of Texas Press, 1985. PrintMarcus, Greil. Mystery Train Images of America in Rock n Roll. New York PenguinGroup, 1985. Print

If I Were a Poor Black Kid

English 112 20 February 2013 If I were a poor black kid Gene Marks is a subscriber to Forbes and the author of the article, If I were a poor black kid. In the beginning of his article he jibes with Mr. Obama and quotes the presidents statement, This is the defining issue of our timeThis is a make-or-break moment for the middle class, and for all those who are fighting to get into the middle class. Because whats at stake is whether this will be a country where running(a) people can earn enough to raise a family, build a modest savings, own a home, secure their retirement. It is hard non to agree with the president and Mr. Marks that these are important times for the middle class. However, Marks seems to think that technology is the way forward, which oversimplifies this complex problem. He refers, over nine times in the article, that technology is the way out of poverty. Marks contends that, The biggest challenge we face isnt inequality. Its ignorance. He makes this statement i n spite of having no sleep together of being black nor poor.Mind you, this is coming from a white guy who was raised in the suburbs and was the former owner of Marks Group PC, a 10 psyche customer relationship management consulting firm based outside Philadelphia. The point he refers to as being poor are black children that reside in West Philadelphia. He lacks any sack outledge regarding these individuals, considering his only understanding of West Philadelphia is not from him his own personal experience but only from a hardly a(prenominal) teachers he knows, which he openly states.It is easy to agree with Marks when he talks about all of the technology enabling things he would do if he were a poor black kid * Use homework tools like Backpack, and Diigo * Purchased hardware at outlets like Tiger Direct and Dells Outlet. * acquire sites like SparkNotes and CliffsNotes * Watch relevant teachings on Academic Earth, TED and the Khan Academy. * Get free books from Project Gutenberg * Do research on sites such as, CIA World, Factbook, and Wikipedia These are considerable ideas for everyone to use whether you are from West Philadelphia or a student at Thomas Nelson.However, these are not cures to grow the middle class. The articles effectiveness is directly handicraft attention to a national problem, due to the fact that this article was written in Forbes which is intended for wealthy people. The affluent are a key dampen to any solution for issues of this magnitude. He fails to suggest to his readers any steps they can take to help the fleck, but focuses his article on kids who will never natural selection up a copy of this magazine.What makes this sad is that Gene Marks is stating all of these things he would do if he were a poor black kid, yet has failed to in reality reach out to these children. For example, Marks explains how his kids are just lucky enough to have parents and a substantially funded school system If Marks made more than of an active attempt to help these children he would be tackling the problem. Marks could bridge the span of division by not only talking about the situation but actually doing something about it. Marks has an abundance of words, however no action which makes him apart of the great divide.Though this may not be his intent, this article is replete of between the lines racial stupidity and arrogance. Marks writes as if poor and black are the same, he states this eight times in the article. Poor does not furcate among races, bigotry is what discriminates. Unfortunately, Marks under emphasizes the most important elements of success even though he clearly states them, It takes brains. It takes hard work. It takes a little luck. These are well understood methods for success they are easier said than done.Marks may have good intentions, yet they seem underwhelming and overly simplistic to move his audience into appropriate action. notwithstanding explaining that there is a problem is not motivatin g enough to help the situation. Kids dont just wake up one day, nor do any, and know how to set goals for their futures or what tools are available to help themselves academically. These children need mentors, role models, people who are actively involved in helping them become successful, and not contributors to Forbes who think they are rich lecturing them on a way out of their condition.

Cultural awareness Essay

Although the emergence of a global economy and the proliferation of multinational corporations seem, at first glance, to indicate an evolution of ethnical awareness in contemporary societies, the need for vigilance regarding the increase of cultural awareness both in the corporate sector and without is still an important gainsay and priority of the twenty-first century. In terms of international corporations themselves, cultural diversity has emerged as both a highly productive and robustly challenging shot of modern business.Because cultural diversity offers a wider variety of ideas, talents, skills and knowledge, businesses that are culturally diverse and display constructive communication leave alone pull in at their government activity a wider range of talents, skills and ideas. Vigilance regarding cultural awareness is an important aspect of modern productiviy. cultural awareness remains a key factor inside the running of extant multinational corporations. The bottom line regarding communication in the culturally diverse twenty-first century is that providing for successful communication is one of the virtually vital and important aspects of any business or organization.A recent investigation of employees from 33 different organizations across 12 industries found that some organizations have cultures of injustice. (Pinder/Harlos, 2001, p. 346). Obviously, any organization which is afflicted with a culture of injustice will function, at best, only somewhat efficiently at worst, such an organization will not only fall short of matching its stated goals or pragmatically driven needs, but may actually foster a humour which is counterproductive to its stated goals or purposes.(Bonczek, and Menzel) Beyond the corporate sphere, cultural awareness remains the single most important aspect of conflict resolution amongst nations and nation-states. Because man nature and human institutions are flexible, and levels of violence vary from one cultural setting to the next, with some cultures expressing extremely low levels of violence strategies can be learned through cultural awareness for stemming the tide of war, as well as stimulating the global economy.(Fry & Bjorkqvist, 1997, p. xiii) References Bonczek, Stephen, and Donald Menzel. 1994. Achieving the Ethical Workplace. Public Management Mar. 13+. Fry, D. P. & Bjorkqvist, K. (Eds. ). (1997). Cultural Variation in Conflict Resolution Alternatives to Violence. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Pinder, Craig C. Harlos, Karen P. 2001. Employee Silence Quiescence and Acquiescence as Responses to Perceived Injustice. Research in Personnel And Human Resources Management, Volume 20,p331-369.

Explain Different Sociological Approaches Essay

When it comes to defining what wellness is it mountain be difficult, people can have a positive outlook to define health or a ostracise, for simulation a positive definition of health could be- olfactory modalitying fountainhead in many ways feeling physically, intellectually, emotionally and well-disposedly well, etc. A negative definition of health could be that you are healthy so long as you dont have a disease. As well as there existence positive and negative approaches to health, there is likewise a holistic approach to health, holistic means relates with a land up system rather than looking at individual parts (Webster, 2014) so for example if one concept of our health is affected it will affect all the other parts in slightly way, the concepts are- spiritual health physical health environmental health psychological health and sociological health.If somebodys physical health is poor such as becoming ill with a disease like cancer it is thought to effect all other con cepts of health for example the environmental health may become dirty and squalid as the individual is weak to be able to keep on top of tidying it up the sociological health is effected as you will be socially seen as an ill person rather than a person the spiritual health could be the individual may feel they are being punished by god or for something they have done and the psychological health will be effected as the individual will feel extremely depressed and though they are waiting for their death to come. The world health organisation, which founded in 1948 has the definition of health that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 2003).Finally, Mildred Baxter (1990) as both a positive definition of health, negative and functional the positive definition regards health as feeling fit and well, the negative definition regards health as being free from pain and soreness and the functional def inition regards health in terms of being able to perform mean solar day to day tasks. There are four different social perspectives which have views on both health and ill-health, these social perspectives are functionalist Marxist feminist and interactionist. The functionlists believe that for our society to be able to functionproperly the individuals in society need to be healthy, and the idea of someone being ill is them having a form of social deviance. Talcott Parsons who is a functionlist has the view that when a person fall sick they become apart of the sick role this is when someone is sick they behave a certain way, such as not going to work, staying in bed, hot water bottles etc. Sick people in society are thought to have rights and responsibilies, we have the right to be able to be cared for and not go into work so we can rest our bodies and we have the responsibility to get ourselves better by going to visit the doctor, etc.The marxist view towards health and ill-heal th belives that the reason we have health and social care services in place such as the doctors is to serve the rich and the stiff in the society, the reason this is thought to serve the rich and powerful is to be able to get employers back to work so that no buisness is lost. The marxists have they conjecture that depending on the level of illness is related to the differences in social class, for example the poor are more likely to suffer from poor diets, etc. Feminists excessively have there own view towards health and ill-health , the femanists are more focused on the male domination in the medical field, such as why is it more money is not spent on the male contraceptive pill? There are thought to be less expression effects however it is still up to woman to take it.There is an increasing number in woman who are suffering from mental health illness which is down to the reason that woman are expected to live as a certain poisition in society, such as the double day this is where a woman is expected to go out to work to help provide for their family home and when the working day is over to come home and attain tea and care for the children, clean, etc. Finally, the interactionists say that if you are ill it all depends on if the individual is ill and wanting to admit that they are ill, as some people do not like to admit defeat and admit theyre ill whereas others will say they are ill when it is very minor. In conclusion there are all different views on what health is, and what ill health is as well as this we can see that depending on the individual and there beliefs and views on being ill depends on how they will accept the change.

How America’s Social Structure Causes Deviance

Although many hoi polloi know that deviancy is app bent in American society, few realize that it is society itself that ca uses deviancy. Our social structure exerts many pressures among people in our society to engage in non-con masterminding and deviant behavior to achieve the American dream. American society does this by emphasizing true mastery name and addresss, and non emphasizing the correct means to achieve these goals. In addition, deviancy is reinforced in numerous ele custodyts of American social structure through with(predicate) culturally be goals, institutionalized means, societal reactions, and various forms of sanctions.Further, American society has a strong emphasis on wealthiness and an unreasonable demand for success. Therefore, Americans argon lead to forms of innovation, deviancy, and cognise in a resign of anomie. First, we must examine the definitions of deviance and norms. Henry defines deviance as a soul who goes against the standards, expectatio ns, and norms of their society (lecture). Further, deviancy is supposition of as a psycheal attri besidese or behavior that publications in social disapproval from others, or behavior that breaks the rules and norms for that society( loving Deviance 5).Norms atomic number 18 rules of conduct, and each norm is a avouchment of desirable or undesirable behavior. Examples of desirable and undesirable states of being are messages like dont be too fat and dont be too thin (Social Deviance 5). In addition, norms are the shared expectations and evaluations of behavior or being that the major(ip)ity of societys members agree upon. Meier states that expectations hint to how people will act or be, and evaluations are how people should act or be (Social Deviance 5). These expectations and evaluations further reinforce the standards and expectations of our society.Some sociologists previously believed that deviance was caused by biology. Sociologists once believed that deviant people wer e born bad, and that heredity, genes, and a persons body chemistry were all common denominators in deviant people. Merton contradicts this guess by noting that With the more recent advancement of social science, this set of conceptions has undergone basic modification. For one thing, it no longer appears so obvious that man is set against society in an unceasing war between biologic impulse and social restraint.For another, sociological perspectives have increasingly entered into the analysis of behavior deviating from prescribed patterns of conduct. For whatever role the biological impulses, on that point still remains the further question of why it is that the frequency of deviant behavior varies within diverse social structure and how it happens that the deviations have incompatible shapes and pattern in different social structures. (230) Now sociologists, such as Robert K. Merton, have new insight into the theory that deviancy is caused by the society in which we live, not biology or body chemistry.This theory of deviance is also backed up by the belief that American society leads an individual to want the American dream, but does not afford them with the means to achieve them (Fanning). As members of a society obsessed with television and media, we have pressures that reinforce the popular belief that framework possessions and wealth are extremely grand in American society. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that if we can locate certain groups subject to the pressures of achieving the American dream, we should expect to puzzle high rates of deviancy in its members.In addition, some social classes do not have equal opportunity to achieve goals. Due to discrimination, members of lower classes, and certain racial and ethnic minorities, all suffer from blocked opportunities. The stress and strain that results from blocked opportunities causes the individual to question the legitimacy of traditional and institutionalized means (Fanning). In effect , these members of society write down to think of other, often illegal, ways to succeed.Furthermore, when this occurs, respect for the traditionally accepted means of achieving goals crumble, norms weaken, and society is no longer able to regulate the methods its members use to obtain success. Therefore, high crime among lower classes can be attributed to the stresses caused by American society. If a person is born into a poor family, they might be forced to work while going to high school, and may not be able to focus on school work, like other classmates. Therefore, collectable to life chances, they might not have the opportunity to go to college due to bad grades or unaffordability.While constantly struggling to make ends meet, they decide to open a crime to be able to have material possessions, since they believe that they will neer be able to save up to obtain anything through traditional work. This new social theory states that deviancy is people manifestly responding no rmally to the social situation in which they are in. Furthermore, Merton states that some social structures exert definite pressures upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconforming, rather than conforming conduct (230). In addition, deviance varies culture to culture.What we consider to be deviant is different than what other societies consider deviant. Deviant definitions also change rapidly. American society used to think that women who wore short skirts, or smoked cigarettes were deviant. Now, the same acts are not considered to still be deviant. In addition, Merton notes that some social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in society (230). American society is a perfect example of a society that exerts unreasonable pressures, and therefore leads some of its members to deviant behavior.This social theory is proven further by Mertons theory of social structure. In American society, Merton believes that there are two elements of social structure culturally defined goals, and institutionalized means. Culturally defined goals are coordinated into society, involving various degrees of value and significance. Culturally defined goals are what society thinks its members should strive for, such as financial success. Institutionalized means are the regulations and norms that are the delightful way of achieving the culturally defined goal (234).An example of a culturally defined goal is a good education, and a good job. Our society gives a strong social reaction to those who deviate its norms. Societal reactions embrace the ways in which society responds to the individuals, their acts, or suspected deviance. Forms of societal reactions are sanctions and formal sanctions. Sanctions are penalizations usually designed to control suspect or actual deviance (Social Deviance 5). Formal sanctions are the punishments administered by the state or other form of legal authority. Examples of formal sanction are fines or imprisonment.Most o ften these formal sanctions have a negative stigma attached to them. Furthermore, sanctions are the last-ditch measuring rod for identifying deviancy and deviant acts. An example would be a person given the formal sanction of a prison sentence being denominate a ex-con. Informal sanctions are sanctions from less official sources, such as family, peers and friends. Examples of informal sanctions are ridicule, peer disapproval, and criticism (Social Deviance 5). The next point to discuss is the common types of deviance that result from the pressures that American society puts on its members.Merton says that members of American society are sometimes forced to innovate to reach the goals society prescribes for them. First, goals are internalized and thought of as important, such as wanting a nice car, money, and a plate. These people conform to the expectations society gives them, and therefore try to achieve the goals. The person who wants a car to be accepted in society, so they c onform by going to college to get a good job, to be able to buy the car. The problem occurs when members want these things, but may not have access to them.Thus, this leads persons to have to innovate to achieve these goals (Merton 233). An innovator may be a person who is unable or unwilling to go to college to get a god job, so they rob a bank to be able to buy the home and car, and therefore can fit in to societies material demands. Deviancy is also caused by the numerous contradictions and variations American society has on what avenues are thought of as satisfying ways of achieving the goals. In addition, our society also has many double standards about what is seen as acceptable. Some cheat the system, but may be thought of as being crafty, or smart.On the other hand, some equally dishonest acts have punishments, and are looked down upon by members of our society. An example of this is when a business proprietor price fixes. steady thought the business owner is being exploit ative, he is thought of as a business genius, and intelligent. good deal who cheat on their taxes, or get paid under the table are dishonest and using morally wrong ways of attaining money. However, these lawbreakers are not criticized, looked down upon, or thought of as criminals. An example of this double standard is when we find an illegal act with the absence of social disapproval.Without social disapproval, an illegal act is not considered to be genuinely deviant (Fanning). An everyday occurrence of this discrepancy is when someone is caught speeding. The act of speeding is illegal and punished with formal sanctions, such as fines, tickets, or license suspension, but is accepted in our society. We have police officers that are paid to regulate the highways, but no negative stigma attached to the act of speeding, or the punishment given by legal authority. The demand for success in American society is overwhelming. Success has become constructed as attractive the game rather than winning under the rules of the game.Through the same process, tension generated by the desire to win in a poker game is relieved by a flourishing dealing ones self four aces, or when shuffling the cards in a game of solitaire. Merton states that cultural (or idiosyncratic) exaggeration of the success goals leads men to withdraw emotional support from the rules (232-233). On the other hand, a person who robs a bank to attain money is labeled a criminal, and given punishments. People who mug, rob, and burglarize are feared and hated in our society, but cheaters, plagiarizers, and perjurers are not.These double standards create confusion, and lead members of our society to feel as if they are without guidance or perish morals. The next argument proving how American society causes deviance is due to American society putting too much emphasis on goals, and not enough value attached the correct means to achieve these goals. Merton states that American culture continues to be chara cterized by a heavy emphasis on wealth as a basic symbol of success, without a corresponding emphasis upon the legitimate avenues on which to march toward this goal (Social Structure 235).Due to this lack of clear guidance, strong social pressure to achieve, and inadequate ways to achieve the pressures society inflicts causes members to be deviant to attain acceptable status in our society. Merton further emphasizes that Of the types of societies that result from independent variations of cultural goals and institutionalized means, we shall primarily be concerned with the first a society in which there is an exceptionally strong emphasis upon ad hoc goals without corresponding emphasis upon institutional procedures.No society lacks norms governing conduct. But societies do differ in the degree in which the folkways, mores, and institutional controls are in effect integrated with the goals which stand high in the hierarchy if cultural values. The culture may be such as to lead indi viduals to center their emotional convictions upon the composite plant of culturally acclaimed ends, with far less emotional support for the prescribed methods of reaching out to these ends. As this process continues, the society becomes unstable and there develops what Durkheim called anomie, or normlessness. anomy is caused by a society without clear norms, such as American society. Being without institutionalized structure, expectations, and regulations, leads people to become disorientated. Capitalist societies, such as America, are perfect examples of anomic societies. Through ruthless competition and lack of morals and values, capitalists strive for money. Therefore, our social order becomes upset and people lose their way in pursuit of wealth without real regulation. In addition, money in our society is thought of as more important than honesty, morals, family, and happiness.As Merton states in some declamatory measure, money has been consecrated as a value in itself, over and above its expenditure for articles of consumption and or its use for enhancement of power. Money is a peculiarly well adapted to become a symbol of prestige (233). Money can buy class, power and status, all of which are highly regarded in American society. Simmel emphasizes that money is highly abstract and impersonal. However acquired, fraudulently or institutionally, money can be used to purchase the same goods and services (Illuminating Social Life 84).Therefore, it doesnt really matter how one gets money it just matters that one has money. The next argument as to why American society leads its members to be deviant is because our society puts a tremendous emphasis on wealth and success. Merton states that the United States has three cultural axioms. The first axiom is that everyone should strive for the American dream, which are wealth, success and independence. The second axiom states that present failure is only a slight setback third, the only real failure is personal fai lure, and the withdrawal of opposition (235).This social structure puts tremendous amounts of pressure on all individuals in American society. Our society looks down upon members who do not have wealth or success. Furthermore, there is a negative attitude towards people who do not wish to achieve the American Dream. Some members of our society are satisfied with what they have, and do not strive for raises, promotions, or anything greater. These people are thought of as lazy, lacking ambition and work ethic, and put down in our society for simply being content with what they have.In conclusion, many people think that money will solve all of their problems, and give them happiness. On the contrary, many wealthy people are miserable, and their money has created numerous problems for them. Merton notes that when he was an observer of a community in which the common annual was in the six figures. He witnessed one victim of the American Dream saying, in this town, Im snubbed socially because I only get a thousand a week. That hurts (233). Competition among neighbors, community, co-workers, and club members is overwhelming.Even after achieving monetary success, it seems as is there is no stopping point to the amount of money some strive for. Merton states that in the American Dream there is no final stopping point. The measure of monetary success is conveniently indefinite and relative (232). No matter how much money one has, it is never enough. No one can be too rich in America. Durkheim states that to pursue a goal that is unattainable is to condemn ones self to a state of perpetual unhappiness. Our passions must first be limited by a moral force (Suicide 229).Since we put pressure on ourselves to reach unattainable goals, we are therefore always dissatisfied with our lives. These social pressures that are reinforced in almost every aspect of American society can further excuse deviance. Merton states that To say that the goal of monetary success is entrenched in American culture is to say that Americans are bombarded on every side by precepts which stray the right or, often, the duty of retaining the goal even in the face of repeated frustration.Prestigeful representatives of the society reinforce the cultural emphasis. The family, the school, and the workplace- the major agencies shaping the personality structure and goal formation of America- join to provide the intensive discipline required if an individual is to retain intact a goal that remains elusively beyond reach. (233) One of the major agencies that shape young Americans morals and values is our education system. Our education system places great emphasis on grades, test scores, and grade point averages.It seems that achieving these things is more important than really learning and retaining information. Therefore, this leads to cheating on tests, bribing professors, and altering transcripts, and all of which are forms of dishonesty and deviance. Durkheim believes that once ou r society brings back morals and values we will begin to establish more acceptable and reinforced ways of achieving goals (Anomie 79). We must set achievable goals for ourselves and put more emphasis on attaining happiness, not monetary success.

Communication and Dialogue

Abstract In this new era of globalisation wherein people from diverse culture and ethnicity start come together to work in an organisation, parley is indeed an important way of communication. Many researches deplete proved the fact that differences in culture whitethorn inculcate a difference in the thinking pattern or stem into differential analysis of a situation. In an organisation where value and gain be relatedto each former(a), differences in opinion whitethorn lead to altercation and conflicts if nary(prenominal) addressed well.Dialogue, a bidirectional head for the hills of communication where speech pattern is laid not precisely on saying but also on listening and understanding at the said(prenominal) period can be an useful light beam in an organisation to resolve inter personal conflicts, conflicts within the department or conflicts between two different departments of the same organisation. The move give highlight the importance of introduction of dialogue i n a multicultural organisation and its use as a problem solving tool in multicultural organisation where cultural thinking act as an impediment among them.Also, it will review the role of dialogue in promoting organisational schooling. Next it will explore some of the barriers in communication such as Silo virus and need for eliminations of those barriers, ending into a conclusion for the implication of dialogue in a multicultural organisation. Sequential Conversation or Unidirectional Flow of Communication versus Dialogic conversation A conversation is said to be sequential or simplex when there is a flow of information from the speaker to the listener (Eisenberg & Goodall, p. 27).This one way communication can be practically seen in classes where student in all rely on teachers lectures, also when managers or the instructor define the protocol of the work to the subordinates or receivers. In other words in a unidirectional or sequential communication listeners ar passive and are uninvolved in constructing the ideas of the communication (Eisenberg & Goodall, p. 28). Traditionally communication between managers and employee were articulated as unbiased unidirectional flow of delivering management messages to employees and other constituencies (Tourish and Hargie 2009, p. ). However, dialogue provides equal opportunities to all who are involved in the communication. Everyone has the say to voice their opinion and give their feedback either in agreement or in opposition of the core matter. Dialogue in a working definition can be defined as a mindful conversation emphasising on equitable and empathetic transaction of opinions of the participants to create new opportunities for working together to produce new and innovative ideas (Eisenberg & Goodall, p. 40-45) indeed dialogue is a balance between creativity and constraints (Eisenberg & Goodall ,p. 0). Dialogue demands its participants should be able to critically reflect themselves i. e, they should be a erofoil to the fact that the perceptions made by them whitethorn not always be accurate. What we perceive is often based on our needs, our expectations, our projections, and, most of all, our culturally learned assumptions and categories of thought (Schein 1993,p. 33). Participants should be able to allow the perceptions and feelings for some time to see the outcome of the dialogue (Schein 1993).By suspending the feelings the participants will allow the disagreements to fly off, hence will build mutual understanding and trust on each other. Higher the trust higher will be the effectiveness of the group. Participants will be open to voice their unfearful opinions, and will come up with more innovative and in(predicate) solutions. Dialogue as a problem solving tool in a multicultural organisation The definition of dialogue says that there should be equal sharing of perceptions, assumptions, thoughts and experiences to come to an radical conclusion (Schein 1993).Healthy communicatio n connects the employee more strongly with the organisation by eliminating the sensation of isolation and dissatisfaction. Employee who communicate on a regular basis with their managers and co-employees have a higher sense of job difference than those who are reluctant to voice their opinion. There is a direct relation between the sizable communication, participation of the employees in decision making and growth of the organisation. Dialogue does not only mean that you are heard, but it also signifies that your voice matters in the decisions of the company.It gives a sense of belonging to the employee and burns out stress and dis solace. The organisation with the higher number of contented employee will have higher productivity both in number and innovations. The quality of relationships with co-workers is a crucial factor in determining levels of job satisfaction (Tourish & Hargie 2009, p. 16). Job satisfaction cannot only be guaranteed by successful completion of a task, but it involves many other vital factors too. Today when it is impossible to find an uncultured organisation, learning astir(predicate) the intercultural ommunication is an indispensable necessity (Crossman et al 2011, p. 57). Culture plays an prominent role in structuring human behaviour, ideas and thought process (Wood2011). Differences of thinking whitethorn lead to ambiguity at the work place which may end into conflicts. According to Ting-Toomey, the greater the difference between two cultures, the more that conflicts will arise in areas such as historical grievances, cultural humanness views and beliefs (Crossman et al 2011). Creating Coherence in Multicultural Organisation with dialogue Employees have different personal needs and hence different dimensions for the satisfaction.The organisation should know about the personnel needs of the employee and should work in a way to nurture good relationships among the employees (Tourish & Hargie 2009). Incorporating good communication work outs such as regular group meetings, open house discussions or building new channels for communication sustains job engagement of the employee. Mangers should have expertise in intercultural communication skills to nurture an environment of tolerance to the ambiguity caused by incompatibility of cultural values and norms.As Brannen & Salk 1999, said working together to give fruitful result can only be achieved by compromising the ambiguity and confusion for quality issues. The practices like anopen house group discussions,thought sharing and dialogues exchange with seniors and colleagues will help in bridging the gap of miscommunication and misunderstanding. Employees who have an access to information, organisation policies, new ventures and developments feel more secure and safe at work. Intercultural communications along with dialogue help in enhancing the process of organisational learning through group interaction.It helps in sharing of cultural ideas, values and beliefs. Cordial and happy relations at work place eliminate stress and burnout caused by work pressure and thus benefits the employee with good concentration and higher thinking. Socially balanced work culturebreedemployee with better insights and hence result in collaborative thinking and exemplary innovations. However in a real business world where emphasis is laid more towards the successful completion of the task, is it lifelike to preach dialogue at every stage of decision making?Is it possible for an organisation to understand the needs of every employee? Will it be repair to say that itis the responsibility of a manager to inoculate good intercultural communication where the employees are reluctant to shift their values and paradigm? Implementing dialogue can be a laborious process for a manager. It is the Manager who bears the responsibility of accomplishing the targets with in the given time frame. Dialogue can only be successful when employees are ready to take the responsibili ty to change themselves, else it will only result in wastage of time.Dialogue is easy to preach in a likeminded group sharing identical values but difficult to express with those who are reluctant to change. Say for instance it is easy to teach a budding employee about the virtues of good communication. However,the same could not be expressed to those highly experienced or talented employees who are reluctant to adapt to new changes. Also, it is difficult to bring employees out of their comfort zone and to speak up expressing their true feelings. Dialogue- the core of organisational learning Dialogue lies at the core of organisational learning, for without dialogue, privates and groups cannot effectively exchange ideas, nor can they develop share understanding (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008, pg 438). Argyris said that there are two different modes of learning, Model 1 and Model II, best be summarized as atomic number 53 or bifurcate loop learning. He mentioned in his writing Teachi ng Smart people how to learn, highly skilled professional are good at single loop learning because of their vast experiences and success gained in those experiences.However, Argyris argue that it is difficult for them to admit their mistake,and hence they adopt a defensive attitude wherein they start blaming others for the disaster. justificatory reasoning can block learning. Model I learning behavior persists throughout the organization resulting in to win/lose dynamics in which individual avoid confrontation (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). On contrast Model II which is based on open dialogue, self-reflection and double loop learning will help in bringing fundamental changes in organisational norms, priorities and behavior (Argyris and Schon1978).It is through dialogue that people share ideas with others. Integration of these ideas with others is only possible when a group has acommon language and common thought process, which can only be built by dialogue(Mazustis & Slawinski 2008) . Shared meaning can lead not only to the transference of knowledge, but also to the creation of new knowledge and understanding among participants (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). Finally, the process get embedded into the organization. This process is what Crossan et al. (1999) refer to as institutionalizing. Dialogue is thusly at the core of the socio-psychological processes of the model of organizational learning (Crossan et al. , 1999) (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). Barriers to communication- Silos formation Advancement in technology and increase in complexity of organisation resulted in variability of the organisation into different specialised departments or subunits. Employee in one department share same work language, technology and work terminology developing a subculture of its own. Different departments in an organisation work together to complete the task, failure of one may result in failure of others. Organisational effectiveness is therefore leechlike on the valid commun ication crosswise subculture boundaries (Schein 1993,p. 41). Silo formation and Need to eliminate Silos Fragmentation of organisation into small departments may result in the formation of silos throughout the organisation. Individuals in silos share strong personnel bonds, common interests, abilities, work structure and relational bonds that differentiate them from others. Individuals in a silo interact more to each other than with the outside employees creating an atmosphere of alienation for those who are not part of the silo group.Silos act as a barrier to inter departmental flow of communication resulting in thecreation of isolation and hostility for others who are notpart of the group. Employees hesitate to co-operate with other departments thinking that the objective of their silo is different from that of other department. Interdepartmental competition may prevent the desire to transfer valuable information from one to other department. Communication breakdown can lead to err ors and finger pointing, lack of responsibilities and hence failure of the task or the department itself What is the role of a good manager in an organisation full of silos?Managers should learn to trust his team members and also should press out honour their peers. Mutual trust, respect for each other structure and values will help in dissolving silos. Senior should preach the essential values of their organisation and not that of a single department. Organisation based on Hierarchical pyramid structure An organisation based on principals to maintain and respect hierarchical structure, could not support dialogue. Hierarchy do not support the idea of cross questioning your boss or voicing against the idea of your manager, it may lead to serious repercussions for the employee.Time constrain Time is again a vital factor to be considered while promoting dialogue. Every project is designed to be execute with in a limited time frame. Listening to every voice of the department may lead to wastage of time. Managers should be able to recognise the right time to implement debate and discussion instead of dialogue. Breaching the comfort zone of employee Dialogue demands empathy and tolerance to other and is a time consuming process. In this fast railyard society where human beings are already everyplace engaged with priorities it is difficult to maintain patience to listen to others.Highly experienced employee find it difficult to listen to a new employee, they do not want to change their work protocol and hesitate to adapt to new changes. It is difficult to breach the comfort zone of over experienced employees and sometimes they find it insulting too. Defensive Behaviour and lack of trust Individuals may engage into defensive routines where they hesitate to open a dialogue with the seniors fearing that may lead to some serious problems with the co-employees or the manager himself.Also, colleagues working in an organisation may feel competition with theircolleague, and thus, employee consciously prevent flow of information to others creating a hostile environment for others. Lack of true Feedback Dialogue may be impeded by organisation norms such as the practice of only delivering good news to senior managers, and hiding distressing news. Individuals needtheinformation to be able to detect and correct errors, but some organizational norms prevent such information from being discussed (Argyris and Schon, 1978). Baker et al. 2005 425), for example, conclude that some norms determine what can be said and not said, what and who is heard and not heard, who hasavoice and who does not haveavoice who is in and who is out of the conversation (Mazustis & Slawinski 2008). These norms inhibit prevent knowledge from being shared openly across functional silos, divisions and levels. Conclusion Dialogue is no doubt an important tool of communication to bring changes in an organisation and to promoteahigher stop of organisational learning. Proper implementa tion of dialogue in an organisation will make employees more responsible to each other.It will also ensure trust, empathy, tolerance and engagement among the employees by creating a safe and secure work environment. Sharing of ideas, discussion about work and group thinking will inculcate high sense creativity and innovations. However, it is difficult to have an idealistic organisation working on the principals of dialogue. Itis a group endeavour and demands time and patience which are difficult to bring out in this fast pace society. Human beings are primarily driven by their emotions and it is difficult to suspend feelings and emotions which is the demand to sustain a dialogue.Implications of dialogue are great but is difficult to practice. Books Crossman, J. , Bordia, S. & Mills, C. 2011 Business Communication for the Global Age, McGraw-Hill, North Ryde, N. S. W. Eisenberg,M. , Goodall,H. L. & Trethewey,A. 2010, organisational communication balancing creativity and constraint, Boston Bedford/St. Martins Cheney,G. (ed. ) 2011, Organizational Communication in an Age of Globalization Issues, Reflection Practices, 2nd edition, Long Grove, Ill. Waveland Press Cottrell, S. 011, Critical thinking skills developing effective analysis and argument, Houndmills, Hampshire, UK Palgrave Macmillan Ferraro, G. P. Briody, E. K. 2013, The cultural dimension of global business,7th ed. , Pearson, Boston, pp. 29-65. Hargie,O. Tourish,D. (ed). 2009, Auditing organizational communication a handbook of research, theory and practice ,Imprint East Sussex New York, NY Walker, R. 2011, Strategic management communication for leaders, Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning Wood,J. 2011, Communication mosaics an introduction to the field of communication,Boston, MA WadsworthE journals Amy,H. 2008, Leaders as facilitators of individual and organizational learning , leading Organization Development Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 212-234 Argyris 1991, Teaching smart peo ple how to learn, Harvard Business Review, vol. 69,no. 3,pp. 99-100 Argyris, C. and Schon, D. (1978), Organizational Learning A theory of action perspective Bloor,G. 1999, Organisational culture organisational learning and total quality management , Australian Health Review, Vol 22, no 3 Groysberg, B. Slind, M. 2012, Leadership is a conversation, Harvard Business Review, 90(6)76-84. Mazutis,D. ampSlawinski,N. 2008, Leading organizational learning through authentic dialogue , Richard Ivey School of Business,The University of Western Ontario, Canada, Vol 39, pp. 437-456 Schein,E. 1993, On dialogue, culture, and organizational learning ,Organisational Dynamics, Vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 40-51 Website Forbes, John Kotter, viewed on 26 March 2013, http//www. forbes. com/sites/johnkotter/2011/05/03/breaking-down-silos/. Matthew Moore 2011, viewed 26 March 2013, http//www. improvementandinnovation. com/features/article/breaking-down-organisational-silos-why-its-important-collaboration-quality-a nd-gro/.

Pearl Harbor – Address to the Nation

In the linked States back in 1941, the area was already under stress. The nation survived the baby boom, but also just suffered the Great Depression which led Americans to being on their toes. The United States thirty-second president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was elected for a third term in 1940. After a fearful decade the Great Depression, Baby Boom, the Race Riots in Chicago and the Holocaust occurring in Germany, the United States was very permissive. In the year 1941, President Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act, which in turn allows the United States to aid allies in military supplies.On December 7th, 1941 a horrible even took place on Pearl Harbor, which is the Naval Base for the U. S. Pacific Fleet, which is located on southern coast of Oahu, Hawaii. The Nipponese suddenly attacked the United States. On that cold December 7th day in 1941, Pearl Harbor was at its usual pace. From flying aircrafts to sailing military ships. Then the Japanese aircraft planes launched bombers a nd torpedoes on Pearl Harbor. There were three separate waves executed for conquer against Pearl Harbor. Although the attack was unexpected at that time. All the facts were presented in a seasonably manner.In which the actions of the US military when they stopped shipments of airplanes, machine tools, parts, and aviation gasoline from China. The Japanese saw this as a hostile act. After the attacks from the Japanese the rises in fatalities was destroy to the Americans. About 2,402 military personnel were killed, 57 civilians killed, 1,247 military wounded, and 35 civilians wounded. This was the start of World War II. After the attacks on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt performed a language to the Americans that he was called Pearl Harbor Address To the Nation, given on December 8th, 1941.This announcement was published in the United States under the sleepless eye of the President, his cabinet members and the people of congress. The potential audience for this argument is the p eople of America. This is because one the attack occurred on US soil, two it would affect everyone as a whole nation, and three many people were involved in the military. FDR first gave a vocabulary to Congress to declare war with Japan, and then later presented the speech with Congress by his side.

Dell Computer

PREFACE We are living in the era of cultivation. The 21st century has count with much(prenominal) than ever causeful working tools the computation machine, the Inter terminal, and instruction engineering. The electronic computer science machine has been playing an increasingly important determination in the daily lives of people, families, organizations and ancestryes. With their abundant computing and processing antecedent, estimators subscribe to boosted up harvestivity, increased accuracy, saved achieverion, and establish essential equipments for or so e very(prenominal) make today.Windows 7 Check Your UnderstandingTogether with the astray act of the Internet and learning engineering science, the computer has gravel even more almighty tool which improves every aspect of people lives. Owning to its power and functionalities, the film for computer has increased continuously solely all over geezerhood, pushing the PC ( avouch(prenominal) computer ) labor flex iodin of the roughly warlike and dynamic. Within 6 long time from 2006 to 2010, the universal PC gross revenue almost multiply and mollify at more than 300 one cubic yard one thousand thousand units in 2010.Large computer companies today sp terminus billions of dollars annually on innovating saucy engineering science, developing new proceedss in order to gain the top thought on the mart. Besides, due to the fast pace of changing, as a feature of the application, computer inviolables call for to ad on the nose their overall strategies continuously to stay infrangible. dell Inc. is whiz typical example of boffo computer enterprise by use appropriate strategies toward applied science invention and operation.With innovation base on standardization, direct sales toughie, and the back off of modern and fast cultivation technology system, dingle keeps in hand severalize relative gains to stick the branch position in the market place for galore(postnominal) geezerhood. Until now, dingle still rebrinys as the toughest rival for any PC maker. Being attracted by the eventful computer industry and efficient operation of dingle Inc. , the writer decides to choose the PC industry as the theme and dingle computer is in the eye for this working paper. Within the bound volume of this thesis, the writer willing go through threesome partThe primary part introduces briefly slightly the computer industry, technology ontogenesis, strategies of enterprises regarding technology innovation and development as headspring as roughly short stories of leading companies. The second part talks about dell Inc. , including its recital of development, its strategies of technology innovation and operation, and its globose expansion. This part will analyze how the combination of creative technology development policies and commercial enterprise model overhaul this firm wrenchs one of the leading computer makers in the worl d.The deuce-ace part will be about technology development in Vietnam in world(prenominal)ization scenario, Vietnamese technology enterprises and some littleons withdrawn from dell Computers success and failure for them. Due to the limited time and experience of the writer, this paper inevitably contains some limitations and shortcomings. in that locationfore, the writer would like to receive every feedback or comment from teachers and people who interested in this topic to improve the quality of the thesis.Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF TECHNOLOGY AND instruction STRATEGY OF COMPUTER ENTERPRISES IN GLOBALIZATION 1. 1. Overview of technology development in computer industry in the world The personal computer (PC) industry is one of the strangest and most dynamic in the world. Probably at that place is no different kind of product that is so technologically sophisticated, swapd so step on ityly, sells for so much money, and is ex potpourri by so more companies for non much profit. The fierce competition in this industry is the argue why so umteen problems are encountered by those who deal with PC v demiseors.Since PC could be assembled from interchangeable components without much expertise required and the barriers to entry are non as tough as in the past, new computer business is established on a frequent basis. As a give, in that respect are thousands of companies making PCs that effect similar functions pushing the market to be extremely toll- combative. Since the market is so rivalrous, vendors often sell at very low margins. Computers are not the similar as many other products, where the gild marketing the device is making upwards of 50% of the price of the product as gross profit. For PCs it is often around 10%.Additionally, there is probably no other industry that has prices change as dramatically and frequently as the PC industry. Usually, prices are decreasing. This is good for the consumer further very spoilt for vendors, because it means that their already low margins get squeezed if prices drop mingled with the time that they buy a product and the time they sell it. Drop in the price of PC comes from both severe competition and quick changes in technology. As a consequence, PC makers often prefer to keep low inventories. Whenever prices fall, the vendors emfly unload money on every component in inventory at the time.Due to the rapid frequency of changes in technology, functionalities and capacity of computers are improved continuously, broadening PCs definition over time. In the come through of PC industry, a computer was a bulky device, furnished with some simple functions and small volume, but extremely embodyly. Today, people could possess small handheld devices which are corporate with processing power and functions tens quantify bring out than huge of importframes decades ago. The PC industry has a strong connection with the software system industry and the application of the Internet.These tw o peripheral industries squander accelerated the speed of technology innovation even faster. In years novel, a computer device has evolved into a centre for all the digital peripheral much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as music players, digital cameras, video readers, internet TV, etc. With the technology ontogeny, computers have become the ever powerful tools that are essential for any success business and modern families and the PC industry become one of the most strategic industries in the world in the 21st century. 1. 1. 1. Velocity of development and innovationThe personal computer industry has educaten from a hobbyist industry in the 1970s to a senior broad(prenominal) trailly moneymaking industry worth hundreds of billions of dollars worldwide. Driven by consumer involve to access the Internet and the advancements of microprocessor technologies, the demand for PCs for personal and business use has climbed continuously in the former(a) 21st century The PC indu stry is one among the hot growing industries in the world. According to a research carried out by Etforcasts, the annual worldwide PC sales has a skid to double every six years. By 2000, the PC sales was 132 million and almost doubled in 2006.The velocity of increase in this industry is at a swag rate of around 9% annually compounded. ( confuse 1) disconcert 1 world(a) PC gross revenue building block 1 million PCs Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 existencewide PC Sales 24 58 132 207 325 (Source etforecasts) Another pronounced index is the twist of PC in use. In 2000, there were more than 500 million units in-use and the go for in 2010 is over 1400 million units almost three times higher. Table 2) Table 2 Worldwide PC in use Unit 1 million PCs Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Worldwide PC in use 100 225 529 910 1,425 (Source Etforecasts) The figure above shows that the computer industry has a huge ingathering potential. These growth potentials are fostered by the upgrading o f obsolete machines, new established business around the world, new generation or innovation of computer devices integrated with digital functions.Yearly PC sales for the U. S. and the main regions of the world are summarized in the next figure. North America will remain the awedst region through 2007. All figures are in millions of units. Figure 1 Annual PC Sales of the main regions of the world pic (Source Etforecasts) In 2003, the number of PCs sell in the US was roughly about 30% of the total worldwide sales. This data indicates that the remaining 70% of the PC sales happened outside the US. This shows that there are many opportunities yet to be discovered by firms around the world.According to etForcast , Asia will be the region with the fastest growth in computing devices. This trend is sustain by the rapid urbanization and modernization of mainland China in recent years, and expected to continue to grow in the next decade. Therefore, it is logical to move the PC constru ctrs in the US into the global arena. PC revenue enhancement was growing slower than unit growth due to considerable price dec take ups and saw a transgress the last two years due to lower unit sales growth than price declines. The worldwide PC revenues were $251B in 2000, which increased to over $333B in 2007. Worldwide PC revenue declined to $320B in 2010.According to experts of Etforecasts, worldwide PC revenue has a trend to grow again in the next five years to around $400B in 2015, which is due to the unit growth boost from the iPad and competing products. To get a take placeer picture of the potential of IT industry, have a look at the pursual figure about computer and peripherals industry in the period from 1999 to 2004. This computer and peripherals industry embarrass products which are computer-based and inter-connected to computers. These products are indicators of how well the entire industry is doing in terms of new innovations and future development.Figure 2 Comput er and Peripherals Industry 1999 2004 Unit billion Dollars pic This figure is a good indicator of the huge potentials in the IT industry. Although the industry had a minor setback in 2001, the net profit and sales remains high for 2004. As abide byed above, IT industry has become a center for computer and peripheral devices. There will be a greater demand in networking because computers are more connected to each other. Wireless technology will continue to grow in range and speed for more and more information need to transmit between computers and across networks. . 1. 2. Overall impact to the development of economies in the world The 21st century comes with more than ever powerful tools which based on the widely use of computers and the Internet. The favouriteity of PCs is phenomenal because it has revolutionized the way people communicate, how information is stored, and peoples ability to access association at their fingertips. Besides, PCs have become necessities in the corpo rate world simply because business processes involve mammoth(a) use of computers and Internet.In fact, the persona of population with computer connected to the worldwide network has become one of the make out indicators for the level of modernization and human power of economies in the world. undermentioned is the figure for some typical countries Table 3 Internet users per 100 people Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 US 75. 2 74. 1 78. 2 79. 3 japan 73. 74. 7 77. 4 79. 4 Germany 75. 4 78. 3 79. 7 82. 5 Australia 69. 6 71. 7 74. 1 75. 8 China 16. 0 22. 7 29. 0 34. 4 Singapore 67. 9 68. 0 68. 70. 1 Vietnam 20. 9 24. 2 26. 8 27. 8 (Source World Bank estimates World Development Indicators) There are two things that give the sack be easily seen from the above tabularise. First, the advanced economies often have high percentage of population with computer connected to the Internet. Developed countries such as US or Germany have a very high rate, almost four-fifth of the popula tion meanwhile, developing countries like China or Vietnam stay at much more humble levels.This means that internet connection is one of the indicators for the power and modernization of the economies. Second, the percentage in general has the trend to increase continuously over time which denotes the increased demand for computers and Internet victimization. Peoples job will more and more related to the application of computer and Internets functions. Information technology has dismissaled the paradigm of economies. In a macroeconomic sense, information technology affects the patterns of toil, enthronisation and employment.Production structure as the information technology evolves, the world is now in paradigm shift from the industrial age to the information age. As a result, there is a growing demand in the service fields that require expert knowledge and information. Thanks to information technology, existing service industries such as banking and distribution are enhancing ef ficiency and passing their business reachs. New industries on the basis of information technology such as software industry and information processing service are rapidly growing.The interest table is about information and communication technology goods exports allow in telecommunications, audio and video, computer and related equipment electronic components and other information and communication technology goods of some countries. The number is taken as percentage over the total goods exports. Table 4 ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports) CountryYear 2007 2008 2009 US 14. 2 12. 13. 0 lacquer 15. 7 14. 3 14. 7 Germany 7. 9 6. 9 6. 8 Australia 1. 8 1. 5 1. 4 China 29. 1 27. 5 29. Singapore 36. 2 35. 9 35. 4 Malaysia 41. 6 26. 2 38. 1 (Source United Nations Statistics Divisions Commodity Trade) The table shows clearly that ICT products is an important part in the proceeds structure of countries, especially Asiatic developing countries since the percentage is ve ry high (times higher than create economies).This cigaret be explained as the trend of outsourcing in big technology firms of developed countries to take advantage of cheap labor force and market potential in Asia-Pacific firmament. Investment structure as information technology changes the aspects of competition, investment is make more in the area of information and communications that promotes productivity and efficiency of knowledge-based products. As the demand for high technology goods has increased continuously, the IT industry becomes a highly profitable but competitive industry.Severe competition in home countries forces computer firms to expand globally, finding new market for their growth. In addition, the pressure of price-competition requires them to find ways to have it away bell. As a result, large multi- subject technology tend to invest in potential markets such as countries in the Asia-Pacific area or India, changing dramatically the investment structure of bo th home countries and investment receiving countries. According to OECD Factbook 2010 regarding to investment structure of the world, ICT shares in total non-residential investment doubled, and in some fictional characters, even quadrupled between 1980 and 2000.In 2008, ICT shares were particularly high (at 24% or more of the total) in countries like the United States, Sweden and Denmark, etc. Software has been the fastest growing component of ICT investment. In many countries, its share in non-residential investment multiplied several times between 1980 and 2008. In 2008, softwares share in total investment was highest in Sweden, the United States, Denmark, Finland and the United demesne. In the recent years, software accounted for 50% or more of total ICT investment in France, Finland, Sweden, Japan, Korea, Denmark, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Switzerland and Netherlands.Communication equipment was the study component of ICT investment in Portugal and Greece. IT equipment was the major component in Belgium and Ireland. Changes in employment structure In advanced economies, the number of workers in manufacturing sector is drastically reduced by shrinking share of its production. exclusively employment in information and knowledge-intensive service sector is increasing with automation and investment in information technology. In the occupational categories, there are more demands for experts with creativity and information technology.Meanwhile, for developing countries, a large number of people move from the agriculture sector into manufacturing due to the trend of outsourcing of big technology firms in the world. Investment in infrastructure of high technology firm in developing countries to take advantage of the cheap manufacturing factors has created jobs for millions of employment in the local areas. In a microeconomic sense, information technology changes business activities. It is important today that how much information a call er have and how much of them could be reborn into useful knowledge.The global modern economy has proved that knowledge itself, not a physical good, is a valuable product. In other words, owning to advanced information technology, knowledge-based workers, who create and utilize information, play a key role in economic activities and knowledge creating organizations like research institutes and universities will find their increased roles as a place for economic activities. Changes take place in every part of the business from the communication system to development of goods and technology, procurement, production, sales, distribution, and after sales services.Enterprises depend heavily on rapid development of versatile goods and technology in order to satisfy clients. Time to market is also get an important position in today economic environment. Modern communication methods such as email or fax have been widely used in companies since they accelerate the whole business process and save a lot of time. Meanwhile, enterprises have a trend to change production system from mass production on a lower floor economy of scale into production on demand thanks to the application of E-commerce and advanced communication tools.Keeping a smooth flow of information both internally and externally has become one of the key comparative advantages of companies in technology field. It helps companies save time and keep them updated constantly with information about the real demand of the market. That is the basis for their customization to truly meet the need of theirs nodes. In short, the informatics era come with the technology evolution has restructured and speed up peoples lives, business operation, and the whole economic scenario of every countries in the world. The technology power of countries in the 21st century comes with the economic and politic power.Information, communication and computer-related industry have become the strategic centre of development in alm ost a large number of countries and regions around the world. issue policies to promote technology development and innovation When talking about the countries growing fast and increasing their power with technological means today, people often mention the role of information technology, the widespread use of computers and the Internet. Information technology sector has proven itself to be the most strategic power in the development of national economies due to its productivity, speed, and versatility.As a consequence, countries in the world have set up and changed their own policies and strategies to develop their technology power on a continuous basis. On of the main indicator regarding to the policies for technology development and innovation of countries is how much they spend on research and development activities (R&D). The following table shows a brief resemblance of this depreciate in some typical countries in the world. For even a clearer look, the second column takes thi s expense as percentage over the gross domestic product of those countries. Table 5 Domestic expenditures on R&D by country 2009-2010 (most recent year available) Country R&D expense (million current ppp) R&D expense/GDP (%) US 2009 401 576. 00 2. 90 Japan 2009 137 314. 21 3. 36 Germany 2010 86 209. 64 2. 82 France 2010 49 990. 76 2. 6 South Korea 2010 53 184. 86 3. 74 United Kingdom 2010 39 137. 82 1. 77 Canada 2010 23 970. 09 1. 80 Italy 2010 24 269. 15 1. 26 China 2009 154 147. 6 1. 70 Singapore 2009 5 733. 23 2. 27 South Africa 2008 4 708. 22 0. 93 (Source OECD, briny Science and Technology Indicators) In general view from the above table, developed countries often have a higher rate of R&D expense over their GDP, more or less of 3%. This is relevant with the result of strong technology power and potential in these countries.Meanwhile, developing countries such as China has also spent a substantial amount to develop its technology power to determine up with develope d economies in the world. In deed, the location of R&D investment has a trend to move toward new emerge economies such as India or China. This is considered as the direct consequence of outsourcing activities of many large technology firms in the world in the process of global expanding and cost cutting. According to an melodic theme of European Commission, between 13 years from 1995 to 2008 the worlds gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) almost doubled in real terms.Over this period real GERD increased by about 50 % in the EU, 60 % in the United States, 75 % in developed Asian economies, 855 % in China, 145 % in BRIS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, South-Africa) and almost 100 % in the rest of the world. As a result, less than 24 % of R&D expenditure in the world was located in the EU in 2008, compared to almost 29 % in 1995. The share of the United States and Japan also decreased substantially from almost 38 % to 33 % in the United States and from 16 % to 13 % in Japan.Mor eover, this global trend has been accelerating since 2004, which mark the beginning of a steeper increase in R&D expenditure in China and developed Asian economies. Figure 3 Changes of World GERD in real terms pic (Source DG seek and Innovation Data Eurostat, OECD, UNESCO Notes BRIS Brazil+Russian+India+Singapore) This evolution is expected since rapid economic growth in China and a number of other countries in the world allows for rapid increases in R&D expenditures in these countries. Also, high growth rates are more easily reached when the initial level is comparatively low.In that context, the share of the EU and other advanced economies is bound to shrink and the figure below quantifies this shrinkage. This re-balancing in knowledge production has important consequences for the EU in terms of international scientific and technological cooperation and knowledge flows in the world. In the 2002 Lisbon Strategy, the EU set the objective of devoting 3 % of its GDP to R&D activitie s by 2010. In 2005, with the re-launch of the Lisbon Strategy, Member States set their own national R&D intensity targets to be met in 2010.In the Europe 2020 Strategy adopted in 2010, the EU maintained the 3 % objective for 2020 and in the following months, Member States adopted their 2020 national R&D intensity targets. Despite a 25 % real-terms increase in research expenditure over the period 20002008, R&D intensity in the EU has stagnated at around 1. 85 % of GDP between 2000 and 2007 with a slight increase in 2008 and 2009 to 2. 01 % of GDP (Figure I. 1. 2). This late increase in R&D intensity is, however, due to a more rapid decrease in GDP than in R&D expenditure.In the United States, after a continuous decline during the first half of the decade, R&D intensity catched to increase from 2005 to 2. 77 % of GDP in 2008, slightly above its 2000 value (2. 69 % of GDP). This quasi-stagnation of R&D intensity in the EU and the United States contrasts with the strong increases obser ved in Japan, South Korea and China during this period, up to 3. 44 %, 3. 37 % and 1. 54 % of GDP respectively. Part of the very high R&D intensity growth observed in China is due to its low initial position. It is to be noted that this increase slowed down in 20072008 in Japan.Of the largest contributors to R&D expenditure in the EU, France and the United Kingdom have followed a similar way of life to the EU average, while Germany is closer to the US level. 1. 2. Development schema of technology enterprises Although the market for computer is huge and profitable, the competition is truly fierce between leading providers including dingle, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Sony, Toshiba, Acer and orchard apple tree. As the demands for computer and computer-related products are getting higher day by day, there is also a pressure for PC vendors to drive the price down to compete with others.It is often down to the level where profits are questionable as mention in the previous sector, around 10 % of price margin. Meanwhile, PC vendors also have to cope with rapid product cycle because high technology is changing so quickly. As the result, IT enterprises have to keep their cost down and try to maximize their market share. The use of information systems to gain competitive advantage becomes very attractive to the companies in this industry. apiece firm follows their own system of technology innovation and doing business. dingle The in advance(p) Direct-Sales Business Model eliminates the need for a sell chain.The ability to customize PC on an individual customer basis is one of the main comparative advantages of this vendor. dingles PCs are built and upgraded based on standardized components of collaborative partners. Hewlett-Packard It merged with Compaq Computer to compete against dingle. This computer giant still relies on the more traditional seller channel business model. HP also offers variety of computer products such as printers, scanners, and digital camer as. IBM Traditionally IBM is in the mainframe and large scale computing market. It appropriates the most patents in the world as an attempt to stay ahead in the competition.The PCs from IBM are gear towards corporate and business use. Lenovo Lenovo is the worlds second largest PC maker after its 2005 acquisition of IBMs personal computer business. . Lenovo markets its products directly to consumers, small to average coat businesses, and large enterprises, as well as through online sales, company-owned stores, chain retailers, and major technology distributors and vendors. Sony a Japanese consumer electronic giant becomes a computer maker. Their computers gear toward the consumer market and offer tools for video editing.It is aiming towards the overall number and appearance of the computer. The main Laptop line of Sony is Vaio which tend to concentrate on the high end market. Toshiba a Japanese diversified manufacturer and marketer of electrical products, information & communicat ions equipment and systems, Internet-based solutions and services. In PC venture, Toshiba focuses on portable computers. Their computers offer a balanced between price and performance. Acer mainland China PC maker which has been staying in top 5 PC vendors regarding the market share in recent years after its acquisition of US-based competitor Gateway.In the early 2000s, Acer changed it business dodging a manufacturer to a designer, marketer and distributor of products, while performing production processes via contract manufacturers. Acers products are competitive both in the quality and the price. apple Last major PC maker that is not using Microsofts Windows operating system. apple has moved from competing directly with the Wintel market to a more leisure computer market. Their computers focus on design and user-friendliness. The customers for Apple are personal users, educational institutions, and graphics design firms.The following table is about global market share of leadin g vendors in recent years Table 6 Global PC marketplace Share 2008 2011 Rank 2008 2009 2010 2011 1 HP 18. 4 HP Customers Individuals Corporate Education Government Markets US Europe Asia Latin America Manufacturing outline Customized Fixed features Sales and distribution Direct Sales Retain Chains Companys structure Alliances Independent whatever enterprise in the computer industry has to choose at least one first-string and peradventure some combinations of the supplementary strategies. The two primary election strategies are low cost and product differentiation, and the supplementary strategies include innovation, grow, and alliance. In order to implement the low cost strategy as the primary strategy, the firms have to observe a few important points. In the least-cost competition there is only one winner, and this is to say there is only one company that can achieve the least cost in the production. Low cost strategy emphasizes on ways to cut cost as low as possible. For example, the most popular way is based on economies of scale which means the firms have to sell a lot of the same products to sustain the extremely low profit margin on each item. Other ways include the policies to keep low inventory, direct sales to cut the cost of middleman. Generally, the firms need to use information systems to endeavour cost reductions and form strong business alliances with suppliers and other logistics providers. dell Inc. is the best example of companies successful in applying this strategy. The direct sales model and the ability to maintain almost-zero inventories have ontributed greatly in the forming of extremely competitive price of its products. On the other hand, the differentiation strategy focuses on separating the product from the industry standard. This is a strategy that focuses on unique products that exceed the industry average in terms of performance and design. The product must be highly customizable so it caters to individuals rather th an having a generic form. Firms using differentiation as a strategy need to constantly make adjustments to the product because of the competitors imitation.As an illustration, Apples primary strategy is in product differentiation. It tries very hard to differentiate itself from the rest of the PC manufacturers through better design and performance. Through Apples own brand image, it tries to convince the customers that its computers are skipper to other competitors. The PC industry offers a wide range of products. Desk pass and laptops are computers that target at home customers. For business, government, and educational customers, they will find the tablets and servers both very attractive to fit their involve. In the 21st century, the PC industry is truly global.Computers can be shipped to different places around the world with the minimal modifications. The computer itself is the same for all countries however, the documents and manuals that come with the computer will have to be localized to the specific countries. Besides a clear primary strategy, a good combination of the supporting strategies is also important. Innovative use of information systems in Supply Chain Management will enable the firm to cut costs to support the primary strategy. Total Quality Management allows a company to provide and sustain a good customer service time after time.Strong Alliances are formed to foster a closer relationship with the suppliers and logistics providers. Alliances can also drive the costs down and increase the profit margin on each product. The options for strategy are limitless. The goal for all firms is to make a well-balanced choice a choice that will ensure the competitive edge of the firm in the industry. Failure in doing so will result in loss of market share and maybe the end of the business opportunity for the firm. 1. 3. Development strategies of some MNCs in the world and achievements 1. 3. 1. Globalization of the Personal Computer industryTable 7 Share of global PC production by region 1985 1990 1995 2000 Americas 53% 32% 32% 34% EMEA 24% 27% 20% 19% Asia-Pacific 23% 41% 48% 47% Source Reed Electronics Research, Yearbook of World Electronics Data Note EMEA Europe Middle East Africa) The computer industry has long been one of the most global of industries. The Asia-Pacific production network was concentrated in Southeast Asia, particularly Singapore and mainland China. In Singapore, many U. S. and other MNCs set up production of computer hardware, especially disk drives. In Taiwan, entrepreneurial local companies found opportunities supplying the major PC makers, beginning with simple parts and moving up to more sophisticated components, and assembly of PCs and peripherals.Over time, labor-intensive activities were relocated to low-wage locations such as Thailand, Malaysia and China, with Singapore and Taiwan coordinating production in these sites and handling more sophisticated manufacturing processes at home. Japan a nd Korea were less successful as global PC producers, but were the major suppliers of high volume components such as storehouse chips and flat-panel displays. As early as 1988, the Asia-Pacific region had surpassed the Americas as the largest producer of computer hardware, even though the largest market was in the Americas and most leading PC vendors were U. S. companies.Asia-Pacific gained production at the expense of both the Americas and Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) until 1990 since thence it has grown relative to EMEA while the Americas share of production has remained stable. In absolute terms, production has continued to grow in all regions. In Europe, production was concentrated in Germany, the UK, France and Italy during the 1980s. Each of these countries had a national sense computer vendor that had been nurtured through government procurement and other policy measures. However, none of the national champions made a successful transition from mainframes to personal co mputers.As a result, production stagnated in the mid 1990s in all of the countries except the UK, which attracted IBM and Compaq to locate PC production in emerging industry clusters in Scotland and Wales. In the Asia-Pacific region, production was dominated in the 1980s by Japan, which nearly tripled production between 1985 and 1990 to surpass the U. S. as the world leader. During this time, Singapore and Taiwan also saw rapid growth, followed by Korea. In the early 1990s, Japan continued to see solid growth in production, while Singapore and Taiwan each tripled their production to become the third and fourth largest producers in the world.In the late 1990s, however, Japans production declined precipitously, and Singapore and Taiwan saw much lower growth rates. The fastest growth was now occurring in the less developed ASEAN countries of Malaysia and Thailand, and most dramatically in China, which has leaped to number four in world production. This shift to developing countries was goaded by investments by U. S, Japanese and Taiwanese firms looking for lower cost production sites and, in the case of China, looking for market access as well. 1. 3. 2. Strategies of some leading PC makers in the world and achievements Hewlett-Packard (HP)HP is a PC vendor that operates in more than 170 countries all over the world. HP was founded in 1939. Corporate headquarters are in Palo Alto, California. In recent years, HP has remained as the largest IT company in the world, with revenue totaling $127. 2 billion for fiscal year 2011. In 2011HP stayed at number 11 in Fortune 500 ranking. In 2002, HP and Compaq have merged together to gain the market competing with the main competitor Dell. These steps in the strategy of HP has boosted the market share of this PC enterprise become much larger than Dell and help the company stay at the first place in the world for years.Probably no other company offers as complete a technology product portfolio as HP. The company provides infra structure and business offerings that span from handheld devices to some of the worlds most powerful supercomputer installations. HP offers to consumers a wide range of products and services from digital entertainment and from computing to home printing. This PC vendor divides its products into three groups to meet the need of each market segmentation, including The Personal frames Group business and consumer PCs, mobile computing devices and workstations.The visualise and Printing Group inkjet, laser-jet and commercial printing, printing supplies Enterprise Business business products including storage and servers, enterprise services, software and networking In order to innovating its technology constantly, at the moment HP scientists are focused on 24 large-scale projects that fall under eight high-impact research areas printing and content delivery mobile and immersive experiences dapple and security information analytics intelligent infrastructure networking services and sust ainability.However, in recent years, HP has shifted from creating entirely new technology to using standardized components in producing PCs. The clear figure is that this company has reduced it R reckon continuously. In 2009, HP spent $2. 82 billion on R, down from $3. 54 billion a year earlier. In 2007, HPs R spending was $3. 6 billion. This movement in its strategy has supported greatly to lower cost. HP keeps a balance in its products, good quality PCs integrated with updated technology but at a competitive price level. Apple Apple Inc. , formerly Apple Computer, Inc. is a multinational potbelly that creates consumer electronics, computer software, and commercial servers. Apples result product lines are the iPad, iPhone, iPod music player, and mack computer line-up. Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak effectively created Apple Computer on April 1, 1976, with the release of the Apple I, and incorporated the company on January 3, 1977, in Cupertino, California. For more than t wo decades, Apple Computer was predominantly a manufacturer of personal computers, including the Apple II, Macintosh, and Power Mac lines, but it faced rocky sales and low market share during the 1990s.With the base of the successful iPod music player in 2001, Apple established itself as a leader in the consumer electronics industry, dropping Computer from its name. The latest era of phenomenal success for the company has been in the iOS range of products that began with the iPhone, iPod conjure up and now iPad. As of 2011, Apple is the largest technology firm in the world, with annual revenues of more than $60 billion. The main lesson from Apples success, however, is the central richness of focusing on strong products that are well-designed for the market.For years in this century, Apple has become the best leading innovator with continuously updated generation of its products and brand new ones. Steve Job, the companys leader, is a genius at minimalist designs that integrate te chnology breakthroughs to fill a newly emerging need with unusual style. The result can be seen in the way he describes the love of the iPad Its like holding the Internet in your hands. Its so much more paint a picture than a laptop and more capable than an iPhone. Its truly magical. The following figure presents the budget Apple has spent on R&D as percentage of revenue.In general, spending on R&D of this company is high, keep this vendor among the top 50 R&D spenders in the world. However, companys revenue increases faster than this expense (as illustrated as decrease trend of the figure), especially since 2010 with the opening of the ever successful tablet Ipad. Figure 6 Apples R&D % of sales pic (Source Larry Dignan ZDNet news) Behind such great products, Apple thrives because it has been described as a well-oiled machine. The company has outsourced its manufacturing operations, while 317 Apple stores are wildly popular and profitable.The Apple music store iTunes has exp anded into a powerful vehicle for trading videos, movies, and maybe other information products. Lenovo Lenovo is the worlds second largest PC maker in 2011. This Chinese company is established on November 1, 1984. In 1985, the company launched the first Chinese-made motherboard with Lenovo technology. The brand name, Lenovo, was born from this. Lenovo operates factories in Chengdu and Hefei in China, Japan, and as of December 2011 has plans to start production in Argentina.Lenovo focuses on vertical integration in order to avoid excessive corporate trust on original equipment manufacturers and keep costs down. This PC maker offers to the market the ThinkPad, IdeaPad line of notebook PCs and ThinkCentre line of desktops. These brands became part of Lenovos offerings after its 2005 acquisition of IBMs personal computer business. As its strategy, Lenovo markets its products directly to consumers, small to medium size businesses, and large enterprises, as well as through online sales, company-owned stores, chain retailers, and major technology distributors and vendors.This direct sales model helps the company to reduce cost of middle man and retailers, and form the basis to get newsflash feedback from its customers. This all reduces the cost of producing and selling products and keeps this enterprise stay competitive on the market. Besides, Lenovo owns the greatest track record for innovation in the PC industry and remains committed to innovation in its products and technology. As state in the companys statement, Lenovos innovation strategy is based on a two-tiered go up to solving real-world customer problems Focus the majority of development on ideas that can be brought to market at bottom 24 months and, Invest longer term in research targeting game changing big plays At the moment, Lenovo operates seven research and development centers and more than 46 world-class laboratories, including major research centers in Yokohama, Japan Beijing, Shanghai and Shenz hen, China and Raleigh, New York City. The company employs more than 1,700 engineers, researchers and scientists and has received more than 100 major design awards.Lenovos R centers have produced some of the worlds most important advances in PC technology, ranging from the original Bento cut PC notebook design in 1992 to the 2008 launch of the in advance(p) ThinkPad X300, considered as one of the worlds lightest, thinnest and most innovational full-featured notebook PCs ever. Lenovos commitment to innovation introduces more industry breakthroughs and technology that sets the technical standards for business users as well as consumers. Chapter 2 DELL COMPUTERS TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2. . Overview of Dell computers development This section of the paper deals with Dell Computer in the PC industry in terms of how they fit in the global PC industry, their technology innovation, their competitive strategy, the significance and the roles of the information system s, and the strengths and weaknesses of Dell Computer in the industry. In 2011, Dell reported $61,494 billions in sales, 16% increased in comparison with the previous year, and employed 100,300 people worldwide in production, development, and customer support of the operation.Dell is truly a global business with products range from desktops, laptop, workstations, servers, networking devices, and computer peripherals such as printers, cameras, LCD TV, mp3 music players, and recently tablet. Each Dells product can be further customized to meet the needs of the customers. Dells direct sales business model has been refined and modified to support the changing product line and customer service. However, the main idea behind the direct-sale business model remains unchanged.From a statement on Dells website, Dell is doing business directly with customers, one at a time, and believe we can do it better than any one else in the industry. The successful direct-sales business model puts much focus on the customers. From the beginning to the end of the transaction, Dell understands completely what the needs of its customers are. This results in a satisfied customer with the potential to do business again and again in the future. After two decades of growth, Dell has become the world leading direct-sale computer vendor in the PC industry.As a relatively young company, Dell finds themselves constantly competiting with old, more established companies like Hewlett-Packard and IBM. In many years in the early of this century, Dell reclaimed the title of the number one PCs supplier in the industry. The success of Dell Computer is not possible without the vision of Michael Dell and his innovative strategies of technology development and operation. The following is a brief history of Dell Computer and its development. 2. 1. 1. Introduction to the company Dell, Inc. s an American multinational computer technology corporation headquartered in 1 Dell Way, Round Rock, Texas, United S tates. The company is founded on November 4th, 1984 by Michael Dell who at that time was still a student in University of Texas. In 1983, Michael Dell started his computer hardware retail business by selling hard drives and RAMs for IBM PCs. Dell bought his products from IBM dealers at cost, and later resold it through newspaper and magazines to individuals and businesses at lower cost than the retailers.By April 1984, his dorm room computer business was already making about $80,000 a month, and the success was strong enough to persuade him to drop out of college. As a result, Dell founded Dell Computer with $1,000. In the next few years, he was making IBM clones computers under the name PC-Limited and sold it to customer directly without retailers. This approach allowed PC-Limited to sell computers to its customers at 40% of the price of the IBM computers. The direct-sales business model propelled Dell Computer to the leading PC supplier in the industry.Table 8 Dell market share an d rank from 2001 to 2010 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Market share 13. 3 15. 2 15. 0 16. 4 16. 8 15. 9 14. 3 14. 3 12. 2 12. 9 Rank 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 (Data Gartner Inc. ) For many continuous years, Dell was the number one PC maker in the industry. However the situation has changed dramatically since the merger of HP and the direct competitor Compaq in 2002, together they own the market share bigger than Dell. Besides, bigger size allows HP to foster it low cost strategy due to economy of scale.Some years later come the rise of Lenovo and Acer with the acquisition of IMB and Gateway respectively. As a result, Dell keeps the third position in the market in 2011. The direct-sales business model is just one tool for Dell to do business. If the success of Dell is based solely on this model, Dell would have lost its competitiveness a long time ago. The competitors of Dell can duplicate the model and do business the same way as Dell. There are other factors stayin g at the core of Dell strength. Following is a summary of Dell comparative advantages based on several analyses about this firmLeading technologies Dell always keen to embed latest technology in its products. Following standards-based innovation, Dell PCs are built with standardized components which are well-recognized by the market. Dell has spent much perspiration and money to push its product to the limit of capacity in order to serve customers with the best computing solution. In addition, due to its direct relationship with customer, Dell is able to introduce the latest relevant technology compared to companies using the indirect distribution channels. Moreover, Dell launches newer technology far more before the other companies that hold inventories.The focus of Dell on technology personnel has helped this firm to catch up with every change in high technology. Customer Direct one of Dells core strength is its firm belief in upholding the direct business strategy. Going direct has benefited this firm in many ways. Since it cut off all the role of wholesalers as well as retailers, it reduces greatly the cost of manufacturing and selling computers, resulting in products with very competitive price level. In addition, direct relationship is the basis for its ability of customization.The information and feedback from customers could be collected easily and quickly. And this information will be of help in choosing the most appropriate computing solution to serve the customers. This process results in higher satisfaction and trust of customers on Dells products and services. This form of innovation has been of great importance in pushing it from the bottom all the way to the number one supplier of Desktops, notebooks, and server in the world. Information Systems no one can deny the importance of Dells Information Systems as a competitive advantage.Information Technology has been around for some time now and is available to everyone at fairly low costs, so it on ly makes sense for a company to have one. But by just having Information Systems they do not inherit a competitive advantage. The advantage comes from strategies built around solid business models. And Dells overall implementation of the customer direct business model which uses Information Systems is one of its most powerful competing forces. The efficient Information System at Dell has kept the flow of information run smoothly in the operation of this company.It turns Dell Inc. into an extremely flexible machine which is always up-to-date. Leadership Michael Dell, the founder of the enterprise is the one who has contributed greatly to Dells top position. His innovative vision about the PC industry and market trend has driven Dell to where it is today. Besides Michael Dell, Dell takes on some of the top executives in the world including its own employees such as Kevin Rollins who manages its day to day operations and helped develop strategies around the direct selling of computer systems and services.As Dell Computer is moving towards a multi-products, multi-national, and multi-services business, it becomes impossible for one entrepreneur to have all the right skills in managing the company. The collaboration of leaders combines the talents of people in a company that is growing at a tremendous rate. Dell most certainly has more strengths than weaknesses as a company, but that just means it needs to keep a closer watch on its weaknesses. Rivalries as weakness Industry rivalries are perhaps the greatest weakness of Dell. As one of the top PC manufacturer, Dell has everybody as a competitor.HP and Compaq have merged to counter the strength of Dell. The new merger can lower their costs significantly so they can continue to use the retail approach to compete with Dell. In addition, when Dell expands globally, it also faces with strong competition from local region. From previous section, Asia is the area with the highest demand of PC at the moment. Therefore, so me Asian computer firms have been emerging strongly become the direct competitors of Dell. For instance, Japanese and Korean consumer electronics makers are switching to manufacture PC in recent years.Their advantage is the abundant of cheap and skilled workers. They focus on product designs as a differentiation strategy. Especially in recent year, Lenovo has become one of the top PC makers after the acquisition of IBM. In 2011, this firm even overcomes Dell and gains the second position of global market share. That is a clear illustration for the competition from Asia. Another potential problem for Dell is from the suppliers. Dell relies on the suppliers to provide them with the necessary components to build a PC.If the suppliers cannot deliver the components to Dell, Dell will face with a clutch in production. It will create a ripple effect to the rest of the business processes. Limited proficient Selection even the strategy regarding technology innovation has brought Dell a lot of successes it also causes a minor weakness that Dell is faced with is its choice of technology. Dell has the opportunity to employ technology as soon as it comes out, but this enterprise usually waits to verify how a technology will perform in the market before implementing it.Dells cautious nature of adoption could possibly lead to a loss of market share to other companies willing to take a risk. And sometimes it is not inescapably a risk that it would be taking. One of the illustration could be pointed here is the success of Apple with the known tablet Ipad in 2010. This enterprise spent 3. 1% of its revenue in 2009 on R&D and come up with the first tablet Ipad in the market. This product become a big success and helps this company gain the main market share for tablets after that.Meanwhile, Dell has waited for a period of technology standardization to release its first tablet Latitude ST. Strategy Mimicking Dells strategies of standards-based innovation and customer direct ar e well known and its business processes can be duplicated by any company. This is not seen as a direct weakness of Dell but an indirect weakness of Dells in relation to the market. In fact, many competitors of Dell have changed some parts of their technology focus when perceived the fact that Dell has born a much lower R&D cost while still gained the biggest bite of the cake.For instance, in recent years, HP has shifted its technology innovation strategy into using some standardized components in stead of building their own technology. On another side, the emerging Taiwan firm Lenovo is also keeping a direct relationship with its customers, lowing down the cost and price of products. Strategies which help Dell stay competitive for years at the same time, could help its competitors, especially with newly emerging firms which do not stuck with any old and complex system need to change.In general, Dells innovative strategies regarding technology innovation and direct business model ena ble it to become and stay competitive in the changing global market. With strong global sales and growth, Dell will continue to own a large market share in the PC industry. 2. 1. 2. History of development since establishment Timeline of development 1980 Michael Dell purchases his first computer-an Apple II-and promptly takes it apart to understand how it was designed and made. 983 Declaring he ultimately wanted to adhere IBM, the young Dell conducts a lucrative business out of his dormitory room at the University of Texas, selling upgraded PCs and add-on components. 1984 With $1,000 in startup capital, Michael registers his business as Dell Computer Corporation, doing business as PCs limited, and leaves school in May of that year. The company becomes the first in the industry to sell custom computers directly to end users, bypassing the dominant system of using computer resellers to sell mass-produced computers. 986 Dell unveils the industrys fastest-performing computer, a 12 MHz, 286-based system, at the Spring Comdex national computer tradeshow. The system quickly attracts a large number of reviews from the technology press. The company also pioneers the industrys first thirty-day money back guarantee, which becomes the cornerstone of Dells commitment to expand its service offerings and offer superior customer satisfaction, and offers the industrys first onsite service program. 987 In a bold move for the risky operation, Dell establishes its first international subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Eleven more international operations would open over the course of the next four years. 1989 The fast-growing company experiences its first major stumbles It accumulates excess inventory of memory components, which results in write-downs, and cancels an ambitious product development program code-named Olympic. 1990 Dell becomes the first computer company to flip-flop into the burgeoning market for computers sold through consumer retail stores such as CompUSA and B est Buy.The company later becomes the first company to exit this segment as well, after determining the retail-store model did not meet its pecuniary objectives. 1992 Dell achieves slightly more than $2 billion in sales for the fiscal year end January 1993, which represents a remarkable 127 percent increase. 1993 Suffering from the pains of extremely rapid growth, Dell cancels a inessential offering and posts its only quarterly loss resulting from a temporary withdrawal from the notebook market, its exit from retail stores, and a restructuring of European operations. 996 Dell challenges the traditional market for premium-priced servers based on proprietary technology with its introduction of its Power Edge server line. In less than two years, PowerEdge vaults Dell from the tenth position in market share to the third largest server vendor in the world. The companys quiet bid to sell custom-built computers over the Internet quickly becomes a public revolution when the company announ ces that sales over www. dell. com have exceeded $1 million per day. During the same year, Dell introduces its first custom-made web link up for customers.Called Premier Pages, the links allow customers to tap directly into the companys own service and support databases. 1998 Dell solidifies its Internet leadership when it tops $12 million per day over the Internet, expands its Premier Page program to more than nine thousand customers and establishes web-based connections with its suppliers to speed the flow of inventory and quality information. Dell opens an integrated sales, manufacturing, and support center in China. 1999 Dell becomes the number one PC company in the United States, the largest worldwide market for personal computers.To suit its growth, Dell opens new manufacturing facilities in Nashville, Tennessee and Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. Sales over www. dell. com top $35 million per day. 2001 Its a year of firsts as Dell becomes the No. 1 computer systems provider worldwi de, and reaches No. 1 in U. S. Intel-based server shipments. The PowerConnect line of network switches launches Dell into the networking equipment market. Dell signs an agreement with storage leader EMC to enable more affordable enterprise-class storage area network solutions for customers of all sizes. 003 The Company expands its product portfolio with Dell-branded printers and officially enters the consumer electronics market to serve as a single source for its customers. 2005 Dell